Literary Research
Year:2004 | Volume:2 | Issue:5|Papers Count:15

Both Jalal-e-Ale Ahmad and Ebrahim-e-Golestan belong to the second generation of Iranian writers. Their close relationships and common experiences in youth have created similarities, especially in the early stories, in their stories. Ale Ahmad expressed his thoughts much earlier than Golestan; however, Ebrahim-e-Golestan has been more accurate and more successful in expressing the same ideas in his fiction. The following paper tries to study these two writers works from two dimensions of contexts and techniques. There are many similarities between the contents of their works especially in the first period of writing story. The similarities between the first series of the stories are of such level that perhaps it can bee said that they were influenced by party-related ideas. From the story techniques, Ale-Ahmad was influenced at the first stage by the French writers in the 19th century and Golestan was influenced by the American writers such as Hemingway and Twin and Bek who were the recently known writers. The closer their physical relation, the more the differences in their stories is.

Objectives: Considering the importance of delusions in diagnosing of psychosis and the role of culture in the forming of delusions this study investigates the content of delusions among psychotic patients. Method: Subjects were 250 psychotic patients (165 males, 85 females) who had been admitted to Shahid Esmaili Center during 1992-1996. %75 of them were aged 15-45, 106 of subjects were single and 104 of them were married. Research instrument was a questionnaire consisted of questions about type and content of delusions, hallucinations and demographic data. Data were analyzed through descriptive methods. Findings: This study indicated that persecutory delusions were the most prevalent type while grandiosity delusions stand at second rank. Conclusion: Although the content of delusions across different cultures are more or less the same, different aspects of cultures, nations and religions have an influential role on the content of delusions.

The article is a study of the structure of "Zal and Roodabeh" (in Ferdowsis Shahname). To do so, it presents a description of the story at first and then of its structure. It continues to seek for these features in the texts of "Zal and Roodabeh" by presenting some proves while analyzing these elements of structure and determining the appropriateness of them. The conclusion is that the text is narrated - dramatized in which the story elements are used for promoting the story. A design including cause relations of it from the beginning to the end and strengthen it.

Objectives: The study was designed to examine the comorbidity of pathological mood and anxiety disorders among hospitalized addicts and normal individuals. Method: Fifty male addicts(N=50), hospitalized in a psychiatric center, in west of Iran, and fifty normal subjects (N=50) were selected . The subject were matched in terms of demographic characteristics. The subjects in both groups were interviewed and were administered diagnostic instruments. The assessment and diagnosis of co-occurrence of mood and anxiety among the addicts who had voluntarily sought treatment, were carried out at least two weeks after hospitalization, i.e. after detoxification was completed and the withdrawal symptoms were relieved. BDI and STAI-Y questionnaires were used for screening, and the presence of symptoms were using DSM-IV criteria and the clinical evaluation by the psychiatrist in charge. Findings: The results demonstrated that 72.3% of the addicts met the diagnostic criteria for mood and anxiety disorders. The most common disorders proved to be major depression (66%) and Generalized anxiety(12%).

The nature of the contemporary poetry lies in coming close to the new and innovative structure aimed at presenting the conscious and thoughtful meanings and throughout this productivity, it is owned to the Nimas mental creativity from classic poetry level to contemporary poetry birth. The contemporary poetry enjoys a rotating structure based on the repetition of the half verse at the beginning and end which gives an especial strength to the poetry structure for inspiration of specified ideology. This repetition produces an episodic structure for the contemporary poetry like a strong skeleton while rebuilding the musical demerits due to removing the lateral poetic elements such as rhyme and identical rhyme, forming the poetry focus, coherence and poetry single tone, making stop in the poetry vertical interval aimed at promoting the readers mentality and keeping the poetry away from becoming weak and commonplace, emphasizing and imposing the poetry message, multiplying and releasing the meaning, multiplicity and variety of being entry. Searching for direct and indirect meaning related reasons and symbol in the contemporary poetry structure especially in the poetry by Nima as the agent and architect of the Modern Poetry, is a fundamental question elaborated in this article.

The Sufi woman, Shavana from Ubulla near Basra is Iranian Sufi mystic poet woman, whose incredible and splendid spirits and speeches have been quoted by many hagiographers. There is a little known about her biography and that of other Sufi women. The purpose of this paper is to survey about her life, personality, and her works. She lived in the 2nd Hijra century and was one of the Sufi women of Basra who all had taken the path of poverty and asceticism. Threat and sorrow is on of the feature of these Sufi women. Shavaneh also was living with prays, sorrow and continuous crying. She had a beautiful and melodious voice. Her meetings were attended by men and women and she cited some versus before them and the audience was crying with her. Her indigently life reveals his non-interest in the world and its attachments. She met Fuzail Iyaz, a famous khorasanian Sufi and gave him some pieces of advices. Some of her plainsongs are available today

Objectives: ECT as a treatment for psychiatric patients, is not only a low risk but also is a very cost-effective treatment, both for the patients and the health care system. However, to initiate ECT treatment, it is mandatory to obtain the consent of the person(s) accompanying the patients. The accompaniers’ attitude towards ECT is a determining factor in signing the letter of consent and following up treatment sessions. The present study was designed to examine the attitude of patients’ accompaniers and the factors affecting their attitude. Method: 126 accompaniers were selected through available sampling procedure and were administered a demographic and an attitudinal questionnaires. The research data were analyzed via t-test, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney methods. Findings: The results demonstrated no significant relationship between the attitude of the accompaniers and their age, sex, literacy level or the type of their relationship with the patient. However, previous experiences of hospitalization in psychiatric wards and of past ECT, and the source from which the accompaniers obtained information on ECT, affected the accompaniers’ attitudes. Accordingly, it is strongly recommended that the psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians and/or the nurses in charge of ECT provide the necessary briefing concerning ECT and that they introduce the new patients to the ones who have already received ECT.

Although more than thousand years has passed from written literature of Persian language, paying attention to the unity of writing and editing is a new topic. This new event is because of growing public education and increasing number of printed books. Anisotropy of spelling is the result of not paying attention to establishing the grammar of Persian language. One of the important reasons for such anisotropy is the fact the user of any language acquire the rules of the language when learning their mother language. Therefore just like the social rules and regulations control the social evolutions and coordination and adopting the affairs and prevention of social chaos, the grammar sets up the linguistic relations and observing the norms and also prevents any disorders in the language with due regard to the evolutions and their developments based on the new requirements in the form of approved rules and regulations. Entry or the subjective attached pronoun is on of the important points in Persian grammar to which less attention has been paid grammatically specially in the area of writing styles. So, in this short opportunity we try, study briefly the history of Persian grammar and spelling and its role in the Persian language aimed at reaching a unified approach and the various views in this regard have been analyzed thought a look at its background.

Defamiliarization is a term that, at first used in literary criticism by Shklovsky, the Russian formalism critic and then considered by formalist critics such as Jakobson, Tinyanov and the likes. Jan Mukarovsky used the term "foregrounding" in this meaning. Defamiliarization includes any methods that author take advantage of them to make the world text known to the addressees and indicate the literature subject in such a way that as if it didnt exist before. These methods will result in delay and expansion of the context meaning and so the readers will enjoy and take advantage more. Defamiliarization should be assessed by the standard language and the time of using the literary techniques by the author. In the contemporary history of Iran, a kind of style has been created by Yadoullah Royaee, the contemporary critic poet, whose prominent features includes Defamiliarization. The verses of Yadoullah Royaee are studied based on the formalist theories as the as the method for this study in this article

One of the biggest social and literary Process of the cultural and social and civilization of Iran which dominated for one and half of the century namely 12th century a.h. to 14th century a.h, a large part Iran in the Transoxania was Bidelism and penetration of works, speech style and expression methods of Mirza Abdoul Qadir Bidel Dehlavi (1644-1721 AD), the Persian Indian poet borne to Joghtaee dynasty. Sadr-u-din Ainee (1878-1954 AD) founder of modern Tajik literature played important role in introducing this process and had social and literature impacts. This article present a clear view upon this process based on the observable works in Transoxania. It includes six parts as set forth below: 1. Pioneers and lanners of Bedilism theory in Transoxania. 2. Ainee familiarization with Bidel. 3. First Ainee research upon Bidel. 4. Ainee and Bidel in the light of the sample Tajik Literature. 5. A survey and analysis on book written by Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedil. 6. Bidel in Ainees book "Notes".

Misbah-ul-Hidayah and Miftah-ul-Kifayah is one of the most precious works on mysticism and ethics, written by Ezzeddin Mahmud-e Kashani. It is one of the invaluable Persian mystic and moral prose works which is rare in the Persian works following 7th century. Kashanis Friends and Followers constantly wanted him to translate the Avalef-u-lMaaref written by Sheykh Shahab-ud-din Omar-e Sohrevardi (peace be upon him) into Persian but, he evaded the task for certain unknown reasons. Finally, Kashani decided to write a book in Persian to include not only the statements of the Sheykh, but also some new and authentic contents. This work was edited by the late Prominent Professor, Jala-ul-din Homayi (peace be upon him) in 1946 for the first time and some points and unique introduction have been added to it which I think has the value as the same as the book itself, supplied to the lover of the mystic texts. Although he (peace be upon him) paid much attention to documentation of the Arabic verses, translation and interpretation of some verses inadvertently are far away from his keen-sighted views. The present paper is intended to translate and determine these documentations within the scope oh the authors ability aimed at restoration this respected scholar hopefully to be accepted by the readers