STRATEGIC RESEARCH ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN IRAN
Year:2014 | Volume:2 | Issue:2 (6)|Papers Count:9

Introduction: Although disorders of drivers constitutes an important portion of traffic disorder but pedestrians also have a considerable role in traffic violations, a role which has gone unnoticed for the most part. Pedestrians have a significant role in traffic system and they are usually the most vulnerable unit in traffic events. The importance of provision of traffic regulations by the pedestrians, for promoting of traffic system, is not deniable because pedestrians are the most users of streets and have a considerable share in traffic accidents. It is clear that pedestrian's traffic behaviors is one of the most important reasons that endanger their own lives. Pedestrian's disorder is an important social problem, which causes traffic chaos and accidents. Therefore, paying attention to them as one of the major causes and victims of traffic disorders is necessary. For explaining pedestrian's disorder, a large number of factors could be involved. Based on the social capital theory, it appears that there is a significant relationship between social capital and pedestrians' tendency towards disorder. In general, social capital is a capacity for collective action based on trust, norms and networks. Increased social capital can 'reduce operating costs of organizations. According to Putnam and Fukuyama, increase in social capital, if other variable are equal, will reduce the amount of deviation. As a result, the erosion of social capital can explain traffic disorder as a deviant behavior. In addition, it seems that there is a significant relationship between awareness toward traffic regulations and pedestrians' tendency towards disorder. Ogburne believed that cultural behaviors take time to catch up with technological innovations, and social problems are caused by this lag. On the basis of Ogburne's theory, we can say that today, because of increasing technological innovations in traffic areas, pedestrians, particularly in developing countries, have not been able to adapt to these technological innovations. Relying on Ogburne theory, one of the basic assumptions of this study is that increasing of pedestrians' awareness toward traffic regulations can reduce traffic disorder on their behalf.

Introduction: In recent century, human safety from crime is very important in everyday life. In terms of human needs, Maslow's (1943) hierarchy of needs suggests that sustainable environments should cater for biological and physiological needs, safety, affiliation, self-esteem, and self-actualization, respectively. Crime and avoidance from of are surely important in people's agenda as the most important issues in many countries worldwide. Geographers deal with the distribution of a wide variety of geographical entities and phenomena amongst human safety and freedom. They analyze spatial distributions, pattern of this distribution in terms of objective and subjective phenomena, spatial variability and so forth. The concept of spatial analysis is related to discovery of spatial patterns, causes and effects of phenomena, autocorrelation, etc. In the past, when performing spatial crime analysis, geographers were limited to mapping crimes in locations and regions. However, technological improvements, first and foremost in the computer processor capabilities, have become essential in recent analytical advances in the methods available for analyzing place-based data. The initiation of computer mapping applications and additional geographic information systems (GIS) are important to being able to measure and represent the spatial relationships in data. ESDA is a collection of techniques to describe and imagine spatial distributions; identify unusual locations or spatial outliers, discovering patterns of spatial association, clusters, or hot spots. Also, it suggests spatial regimes or other forms of spatial heterogeneity.

Introduction: Security is one of the first necessities in every society. Talking about different aspects of security, such as personal, national, social, aviation, road safety, food security and other types of security, shows that this topic is really pervasive in every single aspect of a person's life. Having been influenced by an idealistic view, until the 80s, studies on security were conceived as a response to survival, and it was taken for granted that human beings will always face an existential threat that makes security inevitable. In such attitudes, security was considered in association with physical survival of government- nation, and potential military invasion to this survival. In the late 1970s, however, with the advent of globalization, transnational ideas, networks, etc. a new interpretation of the word security was formed, and replaced concepts such as idea, order and certainty with other concepts such as doubt, fear and uncertainty. The first scholar who doubts the classical relations between security and defense is Bary Buzan. We can consider him as the founder of the Copenhagen School. He theorizes about security, claiming that security is not limited to national security (or the security of the government), but that it should be also expanded into new branches (military, political, economic, environmental, and social). Copenhagen School considers women as a social group that has its own identity. Several factors, such as economic and social factors, media, religious commitment, etc. can bring about a sense of security for women. However, these factors can influence women rights, their freedom of speech and religious freedom, or may lead to a variety of threats. As long as a society is not safe, in individuals' point of view, citizens will not feel secure. Women will not feel secure either, unless they feel peace at school, university, workplace, public place, on street, etc. That is why they feel anxious about being raped, mistreated in their working place and also not feeling secure while commuting, etc., and, as a result, these factors are important in women's sense of security. A survey which is conducted by the Center for Women's Participation shows that one of the major problems of women is lack of sense of security, which can be one of the most important concerns for women. This has put limitations on women's activities in public places, and, as citizens, they have difficulties with active work.

Introduction: The concept of social security, feeling of security and citizenship are key elements in achieving development. Sociologists and criminologists have always paid special attention to them. Study of the factors influencing feeling of security can increase our chance to facilitate. its increase. Also enhance citizens' feeling of security and welfare of the citizens can lead to better acceptance, of responsibility and a commitment. The widespread use of social media in recent years and the impact of media on society have led to many scholars to think about security and how it is projected in media. The aim of this research is to study the effects of mass media on the population of Sanandaj in terms of feeling of social security, which has be divided into three aspects in this research: instability, insecurity and lack of imagination. We argue that when any of these aspects constituting security is absent, people feel unsafe, and when all the three are present, full security is established. Also, when people suffer from some kind of insecurity, they assume that there is no security at all. In general then we can say that the concept of social security means a feeling of mental peace. For women, it means how much they are protected against risks and harassments coming from others. The main variables investigated in relation to the impact of the media on people's sense of security stem from Becker's (1998) theoretical framework. Becker admits that the media is able to manipulate the patterns of social interaction and social values change. In this paper, we focus on this structuring approach, with theories such as magic bullet or hypodermic needle, priming, cultivation, spiral of silence, cultural imperialism, and theory of agenda setting. According to agenda setting the focus of the media on public issues is limited in its understanding of the issues.

Introduction: Crime is an extremely important social and economic issue in our day. The considerable costs imposed by crime on victims and society greatly exceed the private benefits of crime (Becker, 1968). The economics of crime is an interdisciplinary topic that is intended to analyze crimes economically. Regarding the increase in crime rates in our country, a comprehensive study of the causes of crime, especially economic crimes such as robbery is necessary, because it is directly related to the economy and an accurate understanding of causal relationship between the two will help policymakers in planning for a better society. The causal relationship between crime and unemployment is an old-age question in the social science literature. There have been many studies of the relationship between crime and unemployment from a range of perspectives, but this research tries to produce clear evidence of a causal link between crime and inflation/unemployment rates.

Introduction: Capital and security are like two wings of a bird and always have interaction with each other so that capital cannot be understood without security. Because of this, owners of capital have always been strong supporters of security. Therefore, we can say that providing security is one of the main factors of strengthening of weakening of investment absorption in a Society. East Azerbaijan province is one of the most migrant-exporting provinces in Iran to such a scale that immigrant transmission rates of this province have been even more than provinces which have experienced war, such as Ham and Khuzestan provinces. The results of general censuses of population and housing for decades of 60s, 70s and 80s confirm the above claim. In this context, the present paper investigates components of security which influence investors' tendency towards immigration from East Azerbaijan province.

Introduction: Spatial analysis of urban delinquency at the level of regions and providing security is one of the basic factors in optimum urban management. Spatial analysis of urban delinquency and interpretation of its distribution in different locations make it possible to organize and manage spaces. Recently, Tehran megalopolis, with 22 municipality regions has the highest rate of urban delinquency in Iran. Preliminary study of documents at the department of social issues in police organization show that data related to urban delinquency are collected for each year. Data reflects this fact that one of the most important social and security problems in Tehran is the high number of delinquency and crime. On the basis of daily police report, about 15 to 20 house thefts occur in Tehran. This problem leads to spending considerable amounts of budget and human resources to control and provide security. Also, problems such as individual and group fights, theft, stealing from pockets, car and motor cycle theft, social corruption specially, rape, drug and alcoholic beverages sales are the most important among urban delinquencies. Some of these problems are very important for police force, considering the political- security, social and cultural dimensions.

Introduction: Nowadays the social context of urban parks is quite important as people increasingly spend their leisure time in these parks. However, because of high population density, hiding comers such as below and within the vegetation, low light and lack of visibility at night, these parks may turn into secret places for crime. Size, location of the park, internal design, type of vegetation , and type of social groups who visit and use a park, are, among others, effective factors that influence the amount and degree of aforementioned crimes. The overall goal of this study is to recognize various social pathologies which are common in parks and other recreational green areas of Sanandaj, in order to plan, regulate and provide appropriate solutions for social aestheticization oflandscape parks in this city.