Woman in Development and Politics
Year:2020 | Volume:18 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

Autonomy is one of the most important components of modernism which has connection with humanism in the realm of political and moral theories. Two important pillars of the autonomy are believing on Intellectual independence of the human subject and also having some ability to fulfillment of practical goals. However, the assumptions of autonomy have been criticized by different thoughts. One of the most important criticisms in the relation of autonomy especially in recent times, has been presented from the point of view of the ethics of care, particularly by reference to Carol Gilligan's views. By emphasizing the tolerant, dynamic and relational identities that emerge especially in women and their moral and psychological personality, the ethics of care has criticized the conventional notion of modern autonomy specially ethics of justice because of its emphasis on abstract, universal and ultra-contextual bases which is male discourse in its nature. So, in this paper, while expressing criticisms of the ethics of care on autonomy, would be presented the special narrative of ethics of care on the autonomy.

In today's world, the acquisition of a socially affiliated personality and getting out of the circle of personal activities for development is essential. Therefore, the participation of women as an important part of the developmental force is significant and gender inequality, as one of the most important issues and problems of society, can threaten the social order, development, and even the political stability of society and disrupt the development process. Rural women, as the influential elements of rural areas, are largely exposed to this discrimination for various reasons such as ignorance of their rights. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of gender discrimination on the level of participation of rural women. The research methodology is a descriptive-analytical study carried out in the form of library and field studies. A sample survey in 116 households questionnaires was conducted in 10 villages of Rajkan and Golamkan villages in Chenaran city. The results of this study showed that, based on t test, the greatest effect of gender discrimination on reducing the economic participation rate of rural women with a mean score of 3. 53 is. Subsequently, The beta value reflects the relative importance of gender discrimination in women's participation. Therefore, it can be said that since rural women participate in the field of rural economy and work in the fields of livestock, agriculture, horticulture and. . . along with men, they are the most discriminating in the field of economics. Because, despite the large participation in this field, there is little interest in the possibilities and benefits of the economy.

The present study aims to study the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data saturation occurs. Data were collected and analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding and the findings were presented in the form of story line (15 main categories and one core category) and paradigm model. In general, the results of the study showed that women face dualism of discrimination and hope due to their culture. This duality results from women's psychosocial subordination in addition to the rule of gender constraints. In such situations, coping strategies (retrospective utopian / psychosocial subordination / hyperactivity) are activated in women. However, these strategies are also associated with some consequences in these women. In fact, women, besides all the discrimination and the struggle to eliminate them, live their lives with duality of discrimination and hope to achieve to their real place.

gender narrative analysis of divorce is due to investigate this issue from a triple points including narration of individuals who wants to get married, structure of gender and the institution of family. The consequent of this triple points show the place and the influence of the structure of gender in prescribed identity of individual under its influence. To reach this result this paper apply narrative analysis approach with 30 men and women participant who have at least one experience of marriage and divorce. The result indicates that gender and its late transition in social actor's mentality and its counteract with the institution of family has great influence on the dissolution of family. Social actors, especially women, in their new interpretation of the meaning of gender have found it in contrast with family that made them decide to stay or leave. So the encounter of the evolved gender and the somehow fixed family form is the cause of divorce in middle range level and needs more and deeper investigation.

The present study seeks to address rural women's narratives of gender inequality in field education, This article, while interpreting their subordinate positions, explores women's narratives of the status of education-gender relations and the factors that make up the field of education and gender inequality in education. To this end, we use Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical apparatus as a guide to the formulation of concepts. This research has been used in the tradition of qualitative method and the thematic narrative analysis method has been used to discover and extract categories in which participatory observation tools and in-depth interviews have been used to collect the required data. The field of study is rural areas of Dehgolan with qualitative and purposeful sampling logic in addition to space sampling (large, medium and small villages). It conducted in-depth interviews with 32 women aged 15-35 years in 6 rural settlements. The narrative data was coded and formatted into 78 initial themes, 36 sub-themes, 8 main themes, and one final theme. The main themes of the narratives are: gender socialization, deepening mechanisms of social inequality, material poverty, cultural poverty, inaccessibility of educational centers, early marriage of girls, restriction of women from entering the public sphere and reproduction. Social structure. The final issue is education as a field of production of gender inequality in rural areas, which has shaped and narrated the narrative of the multiple narratives of women around it. Keywords: Rural women, Social inequality, Education field, Content narrative analysis, Social structure reproduction.

Identifying the factors affecting cash holding is important because a deficit or surplus in cash holdings can cause companies to have many problems. Recent research has shown that one of the influential factors on cash holdings is the CFO gender. According to the precautionary Savings theory, senior female executives hold more cash because of their conservatism, lower self-esteem, and risk aversion. In contrast, according to agency theory, female senior executives are more ethical and reduce agency costs and thus hold less cash. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of g CFO gender on cash holding, with regard to precautionary Savings and agancy theories. The research hypothesis was also investigated using a sample of 170 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2012 to 2018 using multivariate regression model. The findings indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between CFO gender and cash holding according to the precautionary Savings theory. In other words, firms with senior female executives hold more cash than other companies. The results of the additional analysis also indicate that in larger firms, the relationship CFO gender and cash holding is weaker in older firms.

When the concept of gender is used in explaining fertility it is often confined to changes in education and employment status of women. While an important part of gender equality returns to the family domain. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, 600 eligible women aged 18-44 years were studied in urban areas of Bushehr province. Cluster analysis results showed two different types of gender equality within the family among responsive women. Men's participation in childcare, men's Participation in Home works, men's Participation outside the home (related to home works) and women's participation in family decisions in first type was less than average, while each of the variables mentioned in second type are above average. Results of multivariate analysis showed that-by controlling other research variables-the probability of going to higher parity progression in families with a higher gender equality structure, it is about 2. 56 times higher than in families with a lower gender equality structure. According to the results of this study, it can be said that culture and discourse in order to increase gender equality within the family can play an important and decisive role in increasing women's intention fertility.