BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2021 | Volume:18 | Issue:95|Papers Count:8

Problem statement: Despite the many definitions of the mosque that have been offered in academic places so far, Undoubtedly, the definition of a mosque would not be complete without considering its audiences. Because one of the main functions of mosques is to create a platform for spiritual communication between man and God. This connection from the most primitive type of mosque to modern mosques has been an integral part of the function of mosques. Therefore, the audience and his perception are very important in this sacred space. The original experiences that take place in man-made spaces are experiences that have been influenced by a number of factors. Experiences that architects and phenomenologists call “ the atmosphere” . This research seeks to identify the factors affecting the audience’ s perception of the atmosphere of mosques. Questions and research objectives: The purpose of this study is to “ identify the factors affecting the audience’ s perception of the atmosphere of mosques” And it tries to answer the question of what factors can be effective in conveying the spatial atmosphere of a mosque. Research method: This research has been done qualitatively. In terms of the nature of the data, is Textual, semantic and unstructured. It is inductive thinking in terms of logic and interpretive in terms of the level of analysis. Strategy of this research is grounded theory and analyzes has been done by systematic coding of Strauss and Corbin with the help of MaxQDA software. Conclusion: Findings of the research show that in the audience’ s perception of the atmosphere of the mosque space Architect can plan such as minimizing the conflict of the audience or the correct use of symbols and signs and benefiting from religious texts he or she can be involved to some extent (and not definitively) in shaping the spatial atmosphere of the mosque. Factors such as the audience’ s emotional experiences when confronted with space, Ruling currents of thought, Historical events and geographical conditions, there are issues beyond the control of the designer in shaping the atmosphere of the mosques. Therefore, the factors affecting the transmission of the atmosphere of a mosque are in controllable parts and in uncontrollable parts. As a result, it can never be claimed that architecture alone can be an influential factor in conveying the atmosphere of a mosque.

Problem statement: Although the application of shape-based methods in the generative design systems has been studied as a means for describing or analyzing a style, regional architecture, or a specific design in numerous works of literature, the complexity and multiplicity of the structural grammars, as well as the lack of flexibility in the system for evaluation and optimization of new models has somewhat dwindled the applicability of these approaches. However, in addition to investigating and extracting the shape grammar of a traditional structure, the potential of generating novel designs based upon the shape rules indicates the necessity of further examination of the shape-based approaches. Research objectives: Addressing the issue, this study proposes a hybrid generative evolutionary approach. The use of generative evolutionary methods can provide fresh insight into the process of analyzing traditional structures and designing new ones based on these structures. Research method: The methodology is based upon library studies with the analyticaldescriptive approach to examine the related literature review. Furthermore, with the consideration of Kashan’ s traditional houses as a case study, it applies the combination of shape grammar method for analyzing configuration characteristics and physical-spatial relationships in historic houses, with genetic algorithm for optimizing the new generated forms. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate the effectiveness of generative evolutionary methods in improving and accelerating the process of analyzing the characteristics of traditional structures as well as producing a variety of new designs that can preserve the spatial essence of traditional structures.

Problem statement: The contemporary miniature of Turkey owes much to the great painting heritage of Ottoman. Although it declined during its fluctuating path after the formation of the Republic of Turkey (1923) and not traceable in Turkish art until the 1940s, it has ultimately managed to achieve special styles and personal methods with the help of artists who have tried to revive miniature. The personal styles and innovations after 1970 can be clearly traced back into two sections including thematic evolution and innovation of miniatures and then the formal evolution and innovation of the miniatures. Research objective: This study intends to study the developments and innovations of contemporary Turkish painters and answer these two questions during the research: “ What are the characteristics of Turkish miniature after the establishment of the republic? ” And “ What innovative works have emerged in contemporary Turkish miniature? ” » In this regard, to answer the questions in this study, the works of ten contemporary Miniaturists who have a personal style have been studied. Research method: In this study it is tried to investigate the developments and innovations of contemporary Turkish painters by utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information through library and archival methods through correspondence with the artists themselves and bringing together works from their personal collections. Conclusion: The results indicated that a group of painters has come up with innovations in theme by benefiting from the style of Ottoman classical school of miniature, and another group has not only changed the common style of classical miniature, but also has painted in the realm of performance and conceptual arts. In other words, contemporary painters have managed to present contemporary concepts to the audience in modern expressive forms while preserving the traditions of Ottoman miniature.

Problem statement: Defamiliarization, as a concept, defines art as the depiction of things in a new, unexpected light. As a brief review reveals, the works of Muhammad Siyah Qalam are distinguished from the mainstream Persian miniature-which followed specific criteria, due to characteristics that create a certain kind of defamiliarization. Therefore, the essential question for this research is, “ what are the unconventional devices used by Siyah Qalam to achieve defamiliarization? ” Research objective: This research explores the defamiliarization devices used by Siyah Qalam. Theoretical analysis of art from a defamiliarization standpoint is important because it reveals the artist’ s mechanisms and devices to accomplish the aesthetical goal of prolonging perception. Research method: This study is conducted as secondary, descriptive-analytical research and provides visual examples to aid understanding. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Siyah Qalam transcended Persian miniature conventions using unique subject matters, new combinations, personification, exaggeration, repetition, and unconventional painting techniques. His particular use of these devices enables defamiliarization to be explored in his works on both the non-structural and structural levels.

Problem statement: With the rise of the Nazi Party in August 1941, Iran-Germany relations entered a new era. Increasing German influence in Iran through propaganda about the superiority of the Aryan race and the struggle against colonial powers such as Britain and Russia led Iranians to see Germany as their potential supporter and savior. Due to this perception, a large number of specialists and experts in various fields entered Iran to cooperate with the Pahlavi government. Among them, the presence of German architects, engineers, and construction companies is more prominent than any other group and their role in building many state buildings is obvious; buildings that emerged to show the power and glory of the government, influenced by the buildings of the Nazi era with a neoclassical orientation. Research objective: The current research aims to study the neoclassic architecture and extract its indicators and analyze them in the built monuments by German architects in Iran. Therefore, the main research question is based on this point that to what extent the tendency to the Nazi Architecture (neoclassic) has affected the contemporary architecture of Iran? The theoretical framework of the article also emphasizes that with the expansion of relations between the years of Nazi ruling in Germany and the first Pahlavi in Iran, part of the underlying factors for the formation of contemporary Iranian architecture emerged under the influence of Germany. Research method: The current study is qualitative research. Method of interpretive historical research as well as the descriptive-analytical method is used in a mixed way. Conclusion: Research results show that the presence of German expert groups and individuals in Iran had a very significant role in the entry of the Western architectural elements in Iran. Patterns and characteristics have been effective in three functional (plan), physical (form), and symbolic areas in the Iranian architecture, and in the meantime, the influence of the functional components have been more than the other two components. Also, improving the construction methods and using modern materials has been another area of influence of Germans in Iran.

Problem statement: Architectural historiography in Iran, like other fields of theoretical foundations of architecture, has not achieved a proper position, and on the other hand, existing historiographical works have been less studied to determine the asset and lack of asset in this field through this achievement and to more clarify the path of Iranian architectural historiography. Therefore, it seems necessary to study the works of architectural historiography. Thus, in the present study, the following questions are addressed: Which attitudes and methods has Arthur Pope used to study Iranian architecture? What are the fields and contexts in which these methods and attitudes have been formed? What has been the result of applying these methods and attitudes for understanding Iranian architecture? Research objectives: This study was conducted to review the written works by Arthur Pope to identify his attitudes and methods as well as his achievement in using them for understanding Iranian architecture. Research method: For this purpose, grounded theory was used as the research method. Conclusion: The result showed that Arthur Pope, influenced by the requirements of the time and the needs of Iranian architectural historiography in that period, has used attitudes and methods to understand Iranian architecture through which, he has presented a history of Iranian architecture. Although, it is more focused on the physical aspects of Iranian architecture; but apart from the physical aspects, he has also paid some attention to other aspects of Iranian architecture, such as space and backgrounds of formation. His architectural historiography has more architectural color and sense than other historians of his time. He has also tried further than them to present his view closer to that of an Iranian person. Therefore, he can be considered a historian who has made acceptable efforts in writing a history book about Iranian architecture, taking into account the requirements of his time.

Problem statement: Since the 1970s, aesthetic aspects and principles mainly have been developing based on different theoretical and empirical views, which has changed researchers’ insights into previous general principles. Therefore, research focus on various areas of theoretical problems in aesthetics resulted in the emergence of new attitudes towards the appraisal aspects of architectural works. Nevertheless, there is a weak consensus on theoretical and conceptual frameworks in this regard, and there are still controversial issues in many areas. Hence, two questions might arise. What are the main categories of contemporary studies in the aesthetics of architecture? What evaluation criteria have been used for the aesthetic analysis of approaches? Research objectives: Considering different aspects, this study focuses on typology and comparative analysis of relevant approaches. The importance of knowing these approaches lies in the fact that research into the aesthetic ideas, which are basically related to the cultural existence of humans, can restore theoretical aspects to practical processes of creativity and provide the foundation for environmental perception and further developments. Research method: In this qualitative study, a descriptive method was used followed by a qualitative content analysis through a comparative-interpretive approach to identify the main variables in the methodology of prominent and reputable scientific studies. Logical reasoning was then employed to analyze and compare their insight principles and explanatory results accurately. Conclusion: All environmental aspects, such as desirability and human well-being promotion are included due to the necessity of developing methodological disciplines for evaluations based on human “ experiences” of the environment. Research attitudes must address studies of aesthetics through anthropocentric approaches by considering multiple and dynamic perceptions within the context of an environmental, active, cooperative, and empirical discourse. In fact, the concept of aesthetics in architecture requires the identification of in-depth insight into aesthetic perception from “ perceptive human experience” .

Problem statement: The visual aesthetic design of a website, as an inseparable part of human experience in interaction with technology, is capable of meeting the needs of emotional and multi-sense experiences. The identification of components that raises the quality of visual attraction for the user has become the prime concern in the design of webpages. For this reason, this study focuses on understanding the aesthetic quality of webpage and attempts to answer the question of how can the visual components strengthen the users’ appreciation of aesthetics. Research objective: This Research have two aims. The first aim is to evaluate the impact of visual components of webpage design on the user’ s subjective evaluation of aesthetics in the websites of the newspapers. The second aim is to discover the relation between the objective factors of design and the aspects of aesthetic perception. Research method: From a practical point of view and approach, this study is of descriptive – analytical category. The method of data collection is based on study of documents and findings from questionnaires. Conclusion: The research’ s findings highlight the significant impact of the objective design components on the general perception of webpage aesthetics. The three factors of unity, variety and dynamism are instrumental in strengthening the aesthetic values when designing websites. Unity is the only factor involved in all the aspects of subjective perception of aesthetics. It also has a great impact on the two aspects of classical and expressive aesthetics through its impact on simplicity and craftsmanship. The factor of variety has a negative relation with all the dimensions of subjective aesthetics. According to results, websites that established the ideal balance between visual unity and variety, have gained the highest position in the general ranking of aesthetics. In the end, practical solutions to enhance the aesthetic quality of webpages through visual design have been proposed.