FALSAFE-YE ELM (PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE)
Year:2020 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 (18)|Papers Count:11

Mankind has turned to technology to solve many of its problems. Although technology has been effective in solving many of these problems, it has also caused some crises. Hence, some philosophers have been reflecting on technology and have examined the cause of technology crises and the ways out of these crises. One of these philosophers is the American philosopher, Albert Borgmann. Borgmann proposes his idea of focal things and practices to solve technological crises. This paper examines this idea and its criticisms. Then, we evaluate Borgmann's responses to these criticisms, and finally, by categorizing these criticisms and responses, we identify the gaps in Borgmann's theory

Galileo, at least in a part of his works, claimed the dispense with experience recourse in natural studies; Likewise, Avicenna when discussed about God’ s knowledge of individuals, exemplifies his knowledge to astornomer’ s knowledge of predictable phenomenon of lunar eclipse, whose knowledge wouldn’ t be effected by experimental data and it’ s not mere a passive one. We’ ll try to see if there’ s any connection between their same claims of attaining scientifical knowledge without recourse to experiment, and their probable common presuppositions or methods. Finally we concluded that they partly shared in methodological background, though we can’ t prove their completely sameness in the method. In the case we mentioned, Avicenna studied the mathematical structure of celestial bodies and neglected their nature. by this step, he abandoned Aristotle's paradigm and move toward Galileo's scientific method, but we can't ascribe the same method to them, because Avicenna had a dualistic method in his physical studies, but Galileo had a unified method

Physicalism is a view that holds everything is physical and considers phenomenal consciousness as a physical phenomenon. The Zombie conceivability argument that has been raised by David Chalmers shows that phenomenal consciousness cannot be a physical phenomenon. As a result, the claim of physicalism is false. Two-dimensional semantics is one of the components of this argument that plays an important role in constructing the first and second premisses of this argument so that without it this argument would not be formed. It establishes primary conceivability in the first premise and primary and secondary possibility in the second premise so that provides the inference of secondary possibility from primary possibility. Our purpose in this article is to explain and clarify two-dimensional semantics and its role in this argument.

Does Artifacts Have Morality? Bruno Latour and Technology Ethics In this paper, discussing Bruno Latour’ s concept of technological mediation, we will claim that according to three kinds of technological mediation there would be three kinds of relation between morality and technology; Technology is part of our ethical actions, we delegate some of our ethical actions to technology, and technology can create, or change our, ethically important intentions. We will then discuss moral responsibly. Separating responsibility from accountability, we will show that networked actions do not nullify human’ s moral responsibility or do not grant moral responsibility to technology, yet meaningfully, we can talk about "technology punishment.

Two concepts that are being considered in Philosophy of Chemistry are Reduction and Emergence. These concepts have a major rule in arguing that special sciences, have kind of independence from physics. After sketching a conceptual framework about the issue, we have had a critical review about Alex Manafu's argument about the rule of chemistry in debate about Reduction and Emergence in Philosophy of Science. He argue that chemistry has some special advantages in study of Reduction and Emergence in Philosophy of Science. we have showed that his argument cannot give us a firm ground for attaching these advantages to Chemistry. We then propose a distinction between Ontological complexity and Epistemological complexity and then show how Manafu's arguments are faulty due to ignoring this distinction

Galenos was a Greek physician, philosopher, and logician one of the most influential people in ancient Greek medicine, and his work was also the basis of medical education and practice in the Islamic world and Europe. Galinus was noted for his mastery of Hippocratic medicine and his practice in medicine. What distinguishes Galenus from other physicians is his emphasis on being methodical. During his time, three important medical schools were practicing medicine: the companions of experience, the analogy and the trick. The three groups disagreed on medical knowledge, education, and diagnosis and treatment. The problem of the present study was to identify the medical schools of Jalinus and to answer the question of how Jalinos interacted with these schools and what was the Jalinos medical school. Galen used a combination of reason and experience to gain knowledge of medicine and treatment. He believed that different methods of experimentation, experimentation, reasoning and reasoning should be used together in order to know the facts accurately.

Moore’ s sentences are sentences of the form “ p but I don't believe that p” or “ p but I believe that not-p” . These sentences might be true, yet they are ‘ absurd’ to believe or assert. According to some version of Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness such as Higher-Order Thought Theory (HOT), it is claimed that conscious beliefs in Moorean sentences is not possible. Namely, one will become irrational with their conscious beliefs in their set of beliefs. In this paper we will first introduce Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness and will show that How they work. we will then argue that there are at least four criticisms against approaches based on Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness in relation of Moore's Paradox and thus are not tenable. Key words: Moore's paradox, epistemic paradox, rationality, Consciousness, Higher-Order Thought Theory

We Know that during second half of 19th century and first half of 20th century mathematical-natural sciences impressively developed in Germany and scientists as Planck, Einstein, Schrodinger, Haber, Helmholtz, … presented their most important works and theories in this period. At the same time, Jaspers, in the second decade of 20th century, claimed that German " Wissenschaft " is distinct from science. Wissenschaft for him, is concerned with the totality of life, culture, literature, history, Arts, ethics and etc. In this article we will try to establish that the German understanding of science is grounded in concepts of historicism, historicity and bildung (culture, education, … ). These concepts of course are heritages of German Romanticism

Scientific society, like any other society, is constituted of social struc-ture. to identify that is to identify the historical evolution of science, the structure of science, etc. in this regard, another key component of Scien-tific society is the norms of science, which is the most fundamental value that governs scientific society. Norms in science are important because some believe that they describe behavior in scientific society. There are different approaches to the norm’ s role in science. The two most important theories are two theories that Karl Popper and David Bloor have put forward: 1-norms in science are social conviction. (Bloor, 1999) 2-The norms in science are abstract and Platonic. (Popper, 1972) In this article, in addition to a general description of Popper's and Bloor's theories, I will examine the criticisms that have been made by Popper's defenders on Bloor.

Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is a theory that suggests that the conceptual framework for evolutionary synthesis needs to be reviewed to provide an extending of the new findings in evolutionary biology and to increase the explanatory power for existing findings. This review is about extending in the conceptual frameworks of evolutionary synthesis, and Gene-based evolutionary framework should be extended to the developmental framework. But the evolutionary proponents of the 1930s and 40s do not consider this theory to be any review, and they refuse to ask for any extension in its conceptual framework. Both current and extended compilation theories use metaphors to express themselves, such as the metaphors the music of life and selfish genes, which represent two broad conceptual frameworks and represent the current integration. On the other hand, the embodied reading of metaphor relates the use of metaphors in scientific theories to the domain of the scientist's thought and the conceptual framework governing his mind. On this basis, one can argue in favor of extending in evolutionary synthesis