GEOGRAPHICAL URBAN PLANNING RESEARCH
Year:2017 | Volume:5 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

Extended abstract:Introduction:In addition to negative environmental and economic impacts of sprawl in cities, the phenomenon leads to high rate of social costs due to neighborhood movement and formation of suburbs. Urban sprawl or vertical expansion with new constructions around city can cause socio-economic damages and environmental destruction in cities. Jane Jacobs in the death and life of great American cities addresses security issues, spatial and physical deterrent factors of cities and neighborhoods. In this present study, we have explored Maragheh city. Despite population changes of Maragheh in different periods, the city is faced with turbulence and changes in urban growth. However, population of Maragheh in 45 years (1966-2011) increased 2.7 times (Iran Statistic center, 2011), in turn the area of the city at the same period increased 16.5 times and faster than its population growth (extracted and calculated by author based on detailed plan and Iran statistic center data, 2009). This has resulted in an imbalance between area and population growth in each period of urban growth. This pattern of physical growth of this city tends to be sprawl expansion. It seems that this form of city expansion have caused socio-economic impacts, especially undesirable environmental impacts such as agriculture land use changes, air and soil pollution, and degradation of urban green spaces. Based on these findings, suitable pattern in regard to growth and physical expansion of the city is captured by special importance and have to be considered in planning.

Extended abstract:Introduction:The cities in all stages of development are faced with the pressures due to globalization, urbanization, climate change, and resource depletion. Environmental threats (climate change, earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc.), environmental degradation, and resource shortages are just some of the threats that are different in nature and affections. Some of them may cause long-term changes in urban systems (such as lack of resources) and some other can create shock to the city (such as earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.). Hence, the ability to return to normal state in the face of these shocks of urban settlements is different and may have a direct correlation with socio-economic status dwellers. Informal settlements are one of the biggest challenges that the urban sustainable development threatens a global scale. The settlements dependent upon socio-economic situation of residents and their physical characteristics are the most vulnerable cities against the environmental hazards. The urban poor as a most vulnerable group in natural hazards (floods, earthquakes, climate change, etc.) are a new dimension to the challenges and create more difficulties in achieving the millennium development goals.

Extended abstract:Introduction:Spatial structure of city regions has a dynamic nature. These regions over time are faced with many developments and transformations at different spatial levels. They are also affected by the exclusive condition of social, economic, and natural processes and mechanisms. In recent decades, most urban regions around the world are undergoing various processes of population such as urbanization, suburbanization, counter urbanization and re-urbanization. In the different cases, population changes are always influenced by centripetal and centrifugal forces. These forces make changes in the spatial structure of urban regions characterized by the pattern of mono-centric with a strong center. According to a polycentric structure, the peripheral centers are emerged. The analysis of population spatial structure has been carried in the numerous studies such as Modelling Urban Population Densities in Beijing 1982-90: Suburbanization and its Causes; The Spatial Restructuring of Population in Metropolitan Beijing; Suburbanization and Subcentering of Population in Beijing: Metropolitan Area: A Nonparametric Analysis ; and Population suburbanization in Barcelona, 1991–2005: Is its spatial structure changing?. Hence, the identification of population changes in the metropolitan regions is necessary to understand the spatial structure of changes during different time periods.

Extended abstract:Introduction:Infill development policy is the process to create the new town and new methods of urban development by optimizing the land use in the cities. This policy in comparison with other inside and outside growth policy is more compatible with the framework of the sustainability. This is also much closer to the aim of sustainability. The main purpose of this paper is to recognize the quantitative and qualitative attributes of infill development fields and also the importance of infill development policy as a solution for planning and physical growth management in mega city of Tehran. Assumption of this paper based on the infill development policy provides sufficient conditions with growth planning in Tehran. This is based on magnificent consideration including sustainability, environment, network of global cities and demands for globalization.

Extended abstract:Introduction:One of the ways of provisional control and crimes prevention and, therefore, increase in the sense of security is to reduce the chance of crime by strengthening social relationships at the level of urban neighborhoods. Many theorists have commented on the relation between social factors and the level of the sense of security. Merry realized that the residents who lacked any kind of bond or social connection were more afraid of crimes. According to Jacob's theory, the feeling affiliated with the neighborhood and being committed to it plays a more important role relative to the presence of police in controlling the situation of the neighborhood and its security. In addition, Jan Gehl believes that monitoring urban spaces via increase in the residents' presence in the public or in other words, unofficial monitoring is the major condition to provide security. In relation to density, Georg Simmel believes that as the population density of cities increases, the intensity of social control decreases.

Extended abstract:Introduction:One of the vital issues of the 21 century for urban scientists is urban form (Compression or distribution) and urban stability. Therefore, knowledge of the urban spatial form and its shape can have an important role in the success rate of urban planners and help us improve the urban environment. As urban growth pattern is related to one of the most accessible human resources of the earth, so it is important to consider the main criteria for sustainable urban development. Urban population growth and rapid expansion of cities has faced most countries in the world with numerous problems. The problems affected not only urban policy but also the socio-economic and environmental issues in most of the urban areas. Among these problems, we can point to sprawl, spatial imbalance, development without planning, increased infrastructure costs, loss of agricultural land with good quality, expansion of urban areas, formation of low-density tissue in the margins of the city and the difficulty of service. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of urban density and compression in Urmia and the process of its growth and development. By using the results, we can achieve a suitable pattern and strategy for the future development of the city.

Extended abstract:Introduction:Urban streets as part of the public spaces are available for efficiency of the social and cultural environments. It can be said that the streets as the communication space have the role of dividing and reinforcing the structure of city. They are directly related to application patterns and user behavior in space and can place the formation of social interactions and behavior patterns. Given that most behavioral disorders are happenning in urban public spaces such as streets, these spaces are rarely able to provide the appropriate ground for organizing moral and behavioral patterns. Attention to the design patterns of the streets through physical and visual criteria such should be taken into consideration. Hence, this study investigates the effects of urban design on the behavior and morality of the citizens with an emphasis on the three streets of the Imam, Modares and Kashani of Urmia.

Extended abstract:Introduction:Urban population is increasing day by day and consequently the amount of waste produced in the world has a rising trend. Thus, each day the management of this important issue is becoming more complex and at the same time more urgent. This is important because nowadays landfill development without regarding environmental issues is a serious threat to the survival of living things including humans. Therefore, selection of the suitable place for Sanitary landfill is essential. In this regard, the utilization of urban waste can be performed by a variety of methods such as cumulative, burning outdoors, compostion, use as animal nutrition, the use of tooling incinerator and so on. However, sanitary burial is still the most common method to landfill. In Iran, Solid Waste Landfill Site selection is often performed in the comprehensive urban plans, but systematic and environmental approach of issue is partly disregarded. These sites are just determined by relying on one or more indicators of burial place.