Theater
Year:2018 | Volume:- | Issue:75|Papers Count:6

Socio-regulatory restrictions in Iranian theater have made it difficult for artists to capture some of the scenes in their plays; scenes such as hugging, kissing, rape, etc., or scenes with an ideological or political approach. However, sometimes theater directors, having eliminated such scenes, try to find a suitable alternative with a similar impact. This is an analytical-descriptive paper aims at identifying executive equivalents used by play directors, in the meantime focusing on alternative solutions and models extracted from the creativity of Iranian play directors in response to imposed socioregulatory restrictions. The researchers have comparatively analyzed five selected theatrical films. The current paper identifies elimination and replacement strategies applied to the original text plays scripts in response to imposed regulations seen as restrictions on plays while analyzing the director’ s alternative solutions in the five present theatrical films. Moreover, the current paper proves that artists, in the face of restrictions and obstacles, use their artistic creativity to present themes, analysis, and aesthetic points. The findings of the current paper elaborate eight creative executive models developed by directors including the use of symbols, visual elements rather than auditory elements, narrative function, scene design, mise en scè ne, clothing design, stage objects, and woman’ s wears. In using the symbol, the director is required to define the function of a symbolic element for the audience and then bypass that restriction in an instant. Therefore, replacing a visual message with an auditory one in a sense may also act as an effective way to creatively remove imposed restrictions. In this way, the director narrates a moment that is subject to visual restrictions in sentences. In addition, proper use of the narrative functions in the theater makes it possible to set certain

Edward Albee (1928-2016), is one of the leading American playwrights (Bottoms, 2005: 8) in the twentieth century. He refers to the issue of the American dream and its changes in most of his works. A dream that, as a national belief, has rooted in certain socio-cultural beliefs of American society, but has lost its meaning. Researchers intend to explore the origins of this deviation within the paradoxes of the American society by looking at George Herbert Mead’ s theoretical approach to analyze the effect of the other generalized patterns of society on the formation of an organized set of mental attitudes in the individuals. The research method, in this paper, is qualitative with the approach of directed content analysis. The main question of this study is how does the loss of meaning of American dream happen in these two Albee’ s plays? The plays of Tiny Alice and The Death of Bessie Smith have been analyzed in this study.

The display in Persian is a translation of theater in which actors are placed instead of the characters of the story. It is well known that the art of drama, due to the use of several arts, is called the mother of arts. the need to familiarize children with this art, as one It offers indirect ways of developing self-esteem, creativity, expression and activation of the mind. Knowing the fact that children are always the fan of theater (either spectators or actors), not only children are not unfamiliar with theater, but they themselves are the beginners of the show through the imitation. Surely investing in long-term programs for children who are future developers and keepers of human civilization will not be in vain because the more children qualitatively grow, the more society will be civilized. One of the most prominent psychologists in the field of learning is Albert Bandura, who has been caught the attentions to his cognitive-social learning theory in recent years. The present research tries to inspire the view that drama is an effective facility for teaching and learning of the child because not only satisfies his/her psychological needs but creates moments of joy for him/her. Moreover, each message and theme in the format of the show for children is feasible, providing a model for the use of dramatists in the field of writing for children based on the theory of Albert Bandura. For this purpose, after suggesting theoretical issues and examining the use of contemporary children playwright from Bandura’ s perspective, a suggested model is presented.

In the second half of the twentieth century, emerged a fundamental change in the concept of art and it was the reason why its aesthetics radically changed. The most important factor that fueled these revolutionary developments was the artists’ empiricism and their desire for innovation. With the advent of Performance Art, the boundaries and lines among arts were removed and the visual and performance art (including music) bind together as well. In this area, the theatre in the second half of the twentieth century has changed the theatre paradigm due to the emergence of new media and discrediting of boundaries, lines between arts and art genres: also it introduced another meaning of the text, scene, actor/actress and even the audience. The scientific and practical survey of the leading theatrical groups have made it possible to create forms that is result of eliminating the boundaries between arts, the combination of genres and integration of modern technologies and performing arts. Real time Film is a hybrid form of cinema and theatre that it termed by, Big Art Group, an American group in the late 90s. This new form, which has a playwriting or multimedia dramaturgy proportional to itself, has also affected on contemporary theater groups by changing theater paradigm. Real time film is the result of cinema, theatre and video integration in which the special codes of each media is changed from an expressive form to another. Transmitting cinematic elements to the theatre stage turns it into a live film. The entry of these elements is not in the form of images produced out of the scene, but in the form of screenshots which get combined at the time of play simultaneously; images taken directly by the camera at the scene and get assembled and played at the same time. The scene in this case is a set or film location which has the theatrical code “ here” and “ now” (hic et nunc): the simultaneity of production and performance, the simultaneity of the artwork and audience. This invention is a hybrid that illustrates the transcendence of boundaries of each genre and combination of common aesthetic divisions for

Jean Paul Sartre is one of the most important thinkers of twenty century. His books present an innovative image of human nature. “ Being and Nothingness” is one of the most prominent philosophy books of Sartre. This book explains types of being and their correlation through Analytical Method. His ontological thoughts reflect on his playwrights like “ The Fliers” From this perspective, this paper research relations between characters of this play and ontological view of Sartre in his book “ Being and Nothingness” . In this Paper, we find that alienation Emphasizes on Sartre’ s ontological thoughts and books. His ideas about Existentialism and Freedom made him one of the most impression philosophers of twenty century. In some cases, Sartre’ s idea is similar to Heidegger phenomenological method which believes That Nothingness is in human Nature and his consciousness. Sartre in his play hold that we should pass the past and plan for future. The main motif of “ The Flier” is war and Sartre write it to express realities and make objections to war and represent occupied France among War and French resistance era.

Taziyeh is a sacred but bloody epic narrative depicting two sides, one goes down the path of fall and the other one rise to empyreans and holys. It is a battle drawn on one side of the courage, faitand sacrifice and on the opposite side all the devilsh cruelties and uprighness are uprigh. Eventually these scenes teach the audience the triamph of blood on the sword. Taziyeh is language of art shows dozen of parliamentarians who love the Ahlul Bayt one of the major developments in the process of displaying is the course of its literary evolution from murder place to committee session. One of the well known of this filed is Seyyed Mostafa Kashani, known as Miraza, who is one of the most famous writers in the Naseri period. Who plays an important role in the evolution of Iran’ s Taziyeh during the Qajar period, and the parties of today are written more similar to his works than the other Taziyeh festivals in other areas. In this research, for the first time, we intend to consider two of the six Taziyeh’ s committee to examine from the manuscripts written by Seyyed Mostafa Kashani in terms of the evolution of poetry in the individual versions in the 80s and 90s. At first we should check the original version of the documentary written by Seyyed Mostafa Kashani and find out what changes have been made to the gatherings written by him? Then, with the adaptation and checking of different manuscripts, we will consider in this perspective whether the addition and deletion of the verses and the entry of new poems has an effect on the narrative process of the Taziyeh, and the combination of the taziyeh composed by Seyyed Mostafa Kashani with the poems of other Taziyeh fields has an effect on the development of Taziyeh? At the end, we achieved the important thing that the changes in the poetry in the individual verses of Taziyeh were deliberately or inadvertently induced by Miraza’ s Taziyeh has deform by lack of uniformity in the Tahitian version and the original text is out of its originality, and unfortunately, today, it has become a Personalization version of Taziyeh, which sometimes these innovations, such as the removal and addition even due to the reduction of time cause damages to the original framework of The Taziyeh. It has been one of the serious injuries in the past two decades that must be seriously addressed in this category. Because the progress of this issue will lead to the disappearance of the main lyrics of the text and even the memory of Taziyeh’ s reader in the future will be forgotten.