IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PULSES RESEARCH
Year:2018 | Volume:9 | Issue:2|Papers Count:14

Introduction In the region of Khorassan, chickpea often is sown traditionally at the end of the rainy season (March or April) based on the moisture stored in the soil. On the other hand, the amount and distribution of rainfall during the growing season is also very unsuitable. Therefore, the plants usually encounter intermittent drought stress during the vegetative growth and in the reproductive growth stage and may meet terminal drought stress and heat, simultaneously; resulting in a disturbance on pollination and assimilate the seed that leads to severe yield reduction. In these areas, the synchronization critical stages of plant phenology with adequate moisture in the soil is important. So, the selection of genotypes that their life cycle is completed before the heat and drought occurrence at the end of the season, is considered as a first step to improve the chickpea production under rainfed conditions. Materials & Methods In order to evaluate the morphophenological characteristics, yield and yield components of promising drought tolerant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) genotypes under supplementary irrigation, this study was carried out in Educational-Researching Farm of Shahid Rajaei, College of Agriculture in Neyshabour during 2010-2011. This study was performed based on Randomized Compelete Blocks Design with five promising chickpea drought tolerant genotypes (MCC80, MCC352, MCC392, MCC537 and MCC696) and two genotypes as control (ILC482 and Karaj 12-60-31) with four replications. Seeds were prepared from seed bank of Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Mashhad Chickpea Collection; MCC). Planting operations was performed in April 2011. Planting density was 30 plants. m-2 and row spacing was 50 cm. Two times irrigation as supplementary irrigation were applied at planting and flowering stages. Some characteristics such as days from planting to 50% of emergence, flowering and podding; plant height; primary and secondary branches number per plant; leaf area index (LAI); crop growth rate (CGR); relative growth rate (RGR); seed yield and yield components (pods number per plant and 100Seed weight) were measured. Results & Discussion Based on the results, there were significantly differences among genotypes for all traits. Genotypes MCC80, MCC696, MCC392 and MCC537 had the lowest and genotypes MCC358 and MCC252 had the highest number of days from planting to flowering, in which the difference between them was significant (P≤ 0. 05). MCC80 had the lowest plant height and MCC537 and MCC392 showed the highest. MCC80 and MCC358 had the highest and lowest number of pods per plant, respectively. It seems that MCC80 growth would avoid collisions with high temperatures and consequently the flowering has taken place in lower temperatures and higher soil moisture. The above factors led to a reduction of the failure of flowers, so the number of pods per plant increased in MCC80 (23 pods) significantly, compared other genotypes. Based on the results, on both grain yield per plant and seed yield, genotypes MCC252 and MCC358 showed the lowest and MCC80 had the highest rate. Conclusion Although Karaj12-60-31 (MCC358) as a commercial genotype, showed the highest plant height and growth indices, but for traits such as number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield, was poor. The results showed that MCC80 with 970 Kg. ha-1 had the highest seed yield and ILC482 (MCC252) and Karaj12-60-31 (MCC358) had the lowest. The average yield for the MCC80 with supplementary irrigation in this region, was twice more than the yield in rainfed and 75% of yield in irrigated conditions in the region. However, the seed yield of commercial genotypes of Karaj12-60-31 (MCC358) and ILC482 (MCC252), were 324 and 320 Kg. ha-1 respectively. Totally, we recommend the repetition of such tests in this ares; in addition we can consider the genotypes such as MCC392, MCC352 and especially MCC80 as promising chickpea drought tolerant genotypes with supplementary irrigation during flowering in this area.

Introduction Contamination of soils with heavy metals is often resulted from human activities and phytoremediation is an effective and economic strategy to remove toxic metals from soils. Heavy metals are significant environmental pollutants, and their toxicity is a problem of increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons. The term ‘ ‘ heavy metals’ ’ refers to any metallic element that has a relatively high density greater than 4 g/cm3, or 5 times or more, greater than water and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. However, chemical properties of the heavy metals are the most influencing factors compared to their density. Heavy metals include lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), silver (Ag) and the platinum group elements. Plants experience oxidative stress upon exposure to heavy metals that leads to cellular damage. In addition, plants accumulate metal ions that disturb cellular ionic homeostasis. To minimize the detrimental effects of heavy metal exposure and their accumulation, plants have evolved detoxification mechanisms. Such mechanisms are mainly based on chelation and subcellular compartmentalization. Chelation of heavy metals is a ubiquitous detoxification strategy described in wide variety of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different compounds to reduce the toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals in the planting bed is pinto beans. Materials & Methods In order to evaluate the effects of different growing substrates on reducing toxicity and phytoremediation bean (cv. Sadri) under heavy metals, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial for four heavy metals (Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2 and CuSO4) seperately, based on CRD design with three replications in Yasouj University, 2013. The first factor included of four levels of different growing substrates (control, compost, vermicompost and Populus sawdust) and the second factor included of two levels of heavy metals (heavy metals with 50 mg kg-1 soil concentration and control). Results & Discussion Analysis of variance showed that the effect of organic compounds and cadmium nitrate in the soil and their interactions on amounts of cadmium accumulation in roots, shoot and grain was statistically significant. Compost and vermicompost significantly increased cadmium. Vermicompost can be used to remove metals from contaminated soils used because it is linked with metals and increases nutrient uptake by providing. A cadmium concentration in shoot tissue was more than adequate at all levels of the leveas (0. 2-0. 05 mg/kg dry weight). Lead levels in the tissues of roots, shoots and seeds in all treatments were the detection limit. It seems that due to the low accumulation of lead in beans can be attributed to the low mobility of lead in soil and plant. Means comparison showed the highest accumulation of nickel in the root of the control (normal soil) with an average of 14. 45 mg/kg dry weight of roots and the lowest value of this attribute in use of poplar sawdust with an average of 11. 42 mg/kg root dry weight that using compost and vermicompost was not significantly different. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of organic compounds in soil, copper sulfate and their interactions on the amount of copper metal roots was significant. When the low copper concentration in soil, compost and vermicompost with the stabilization of copper available and disabling decrease copper absorption and accumulation by the plants, but the high concentration of copper in the soil, add compost, vermicompost and poplar sawdust will not be enough to stabilize all accessible copper. In this study, the use of poplar sawdust to accumulate the highest amount of copper in copper sulphate roots in levels zero and 50 mg per kg dry weight soil. Conclusion The results showed that the use of compost and vermicompost increased amounts of cadmium accumulation in shoot and root. On the other side, compost and Populus sawdust decreases the amount of nickel in the bean shoot and root. Also, the highest accumulation of copper in roots of beans was achived by application of the Populus sawdust and compost. Accumulation of heavy metals in roots far more than shoots and seeds. In general, the results of this study showed that due to low accumulation of heavy metals in the seed of bean and high absorption by the root and shoot, this plant is suitable for cultivation in contaminated areas and if possible leaving the roots and shoots is also appropriate for the purification.

Introduction The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) is the world’ s most important legume grown for human nutrition. Legumes and their symbiotic root nodule bacteria are extremely sensitive to drought stress. The fact that N2 fixation is more sensitive to decreasing soil water content relative to leaf gas exchange constitutes an important constraint on N2 accumulation and the yield potential of legumes subjected to soil drying. We hypothesize that inoculation of bean with rhizobium strains mitigates some of the negative effects of drought stress on bean. It is believed that certain microbial species and/or strains enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought (Yang et al., 2008). The Phyllobacterium brassicacearum strain STM196, a PGPR isolated from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape B. napus enhances plant tolerance to drought in two accessions of A. thaliana with contrasting flowering phenology (Bresson et al. 2013). We proposed a new means by which bacteria can enhance plant performance under both well-watered and drought soil conditions. Inoculated plants accumulated more biomass before reproduction and exhibited a better WUE. Sharma & Saikia (2013) found that the P. aeruginosa GGRJ21 strain is tolerant to water stress in mung bean plants by accelerating the accumulation of inherent levels of antioxidant enzymes, cell osmolytes, and consistently expediting the up regulation of stress responsive genes in PGPR-treated plants under water stress conditions. Materials & Methods In order to study the effects of rhizobium strains and drought stress on yield and water use efficiency of common bean, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse and field condition in 2014 and 2015 respectively. This experiment was carried with split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were irrigation base of 30, 60 and 80% available water of soil in main plot and 54, 58, 160 and 177 rhizobium strains (Leguminosarom phaseoli) seed inoculated in sub plot. Water irrigation content, water use efficiency, plant nitrogen, nodule number, nodule dry mater, wet and dry shoot weight, yield and yield components were determined. Results & Discussion There was a significant difference (P<0. 05) in yield grain, biological yield, water use efficiency, 100-seed weight, dry and wet shoot weight, nodule number and nodule dry matter between the levels of irrigation as well as between different bacterial strains. The highest grain yield (3066 kg/ha), biological yield (6882 kg/ha), water use efficiency (0. 81 kg/m3), 100 seed weight (44 g) were obtained in irrigation at 60% available water and 160 rhizobium strain seed inoculated treatment. Similar observation has been reported by, Suarez et al, (2008) and Bhatt & Srinivasa Rao (2005). There was a significant difference (P<0. 05) in dry nodule mater and nodule number between irrigation and rhizobium strains. The irrigation levels showed significant difference on nodule dry matter but did not show a significant difference on nodule number, reverse, rhizobium strains have a significant difference on nodule number and have not significant difference in nodule dry matters. The most of nodule number (63 per plant) and nodule dry maters (0. 458 g/plant) were obtained in irrigation at 80% available water and 177 rhizobium strain seed inoculation treatment. Nodule dry matter was reduced by increasing drought stress levels. Similar observations have been reported by Ramos et al, (2003). There was a significant difference (P<0. 05) between wet and dry shoot weight and the irrigation levels but this result not observation in rhizobium strains treatments. Based on this experiment, it can be said that, rhizobium bacteria strains, similar as PGPR, can enhance plant performance and plant tolerance to environmental stresses by large variety of mechanisms. Some rhizobacteria help plants to maintain a favorable water status under water deficit (Creus et al. 2004) by enhancing the development of root system (Marulanda et al. 2009). Conclusion Our results showed that the use of rhizobium bacteria which can induce abiotic stress tolerance in the host as bio-fertilizers may be beneficial for increasing of yield and WUE in drought stress condition. In dry land like, Iran, we can use such microorganisms for lower use of water irrigation without decreasing seed yield in common bean.

Introduction Since the leaves are the main source of production of photosynthetic substances in plants, dry matter production and crop yield potential is largely depend on the leaf surface, and many environmental changes affect growth and yield through changes in leaf area. Hence, green leaf area per plant and leaf area index measure in almost all studies of crop physiology to understand the mechanism of yield alteration. However, measurement of leaf area compared with other traits such as plant height and total plant dry weight is very difficult, precise instruments and spend more time and cost. Therefore, according to the allometric relationships in plants, extensive studies were done to find the relationship between leaf area and other plant traits that their measurement is easier, faster and cheaper, and does not require expensive equipment. Allometric relationships in plants reveal changes in the growth of an organ of plant than to all or another part or organ of plant. The leaf area in plant as main source of photosynthetic substances closely associated with the growth and yield. Thus, it is usually measured for justifying variations of the growth and yield. Due to the difficulty, timeconsuming and requires devices to measure leaf area, an alternative approach for measuring the leaf area is the use of allometric relationships between leaf area and traits that their measuring is easy and quick and requires no expensive equipment. This study aimed to obtain the allometric relationships between green leaf area and a number of vegetative attributes such as number of leaves per main stem, green leaf dry weight, total dry weight of vegetative parts of plant. Allometric equations was used successfully to calculate leaf area in various crops such as cotton, wheat, chickpea, faba bean, peanuts, soybean and sweet sorghum. The effects of three factors cultivar, inter and intrarow spacing on the allometric relationships were examined. Materials & Methods This experiment was conducted using two cultivars of faba bean (a conventional, Barecat and a new cultivar, French), three interrow spacing (25, 50 and 75 cm) and two intrarow spacing (8 and 15 inches) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in the farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 20102011 growing season. Sampling to measure the green leaf area and leaf dry weight and other vegetative traits during the growing season was carried out with intervals of 7 to 15 days (depending on the temperature and rate of plant growth). Different mathematical functions were fitted to the data to obtain allometric relationships. To compare the accuracy of the equations, coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. Higher coefficient of determination, and lower coefficient of variation and root mean square error reflects the higher accuracy of the equation to describe allometric relationships. Results & Discussion According to the results of this experiment, the relationship between leaf area and leaf dry weight and total plant dry weight in faba bean was not affected by cultivar, inter and intrarow spacing, statistically. Thus, an equation was fitted to leaf area data against leaf dry weight or total plant dry weight in all treatment (both cultivars and all inter and intrarow spacing). Also, results of this study showed that the relationship between green leaf area and leaf dry weight as well as number of nodes per main stem has higher coefficient of determination (0. 98 for green leaf dry weight, and 0. 98 and 0. 95 for node number per main stem in 8 and 15 cm intrarow spacing, respectively) and lower the root mean square (1. 05 for green leaf dry weight, and 1. 08 and 1. 064 for node number per main stem in 8 and 15 cm intrarow spacing, respectively) than other traits. Conclusion Since the relationship between green leaf area and green leaf dry weight per plant had a higher coefficient of determination (0. 98) as well as smaller root mean square (1. 05) than other traits including leaf number per main stem, as well as the ease of measuring the green leaf dry weight, it is suggested that the relationship between leaf area and leaf dry weight (a segmented relationship) is used to estimate green leaf area during the growing season in faba bean. Also, this relationship can be used to predict faba bean leaf area with sufficient accuracy in the simulation models.

Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) is a low cost crop in agronomic system of semi arid to arid region overall the world. This crop due to adaptable capacity is caltivated in wide range of environmental conditions and different type of soils. Chickpea seeds contain 24-34% protein, this is 2 to 3 times more than cereals and 14 to 24% more than tuber plants. Chickpea seeds inoculation with rhizhibium cause more N2 fixation and increase chickpea yield. Mesorhizobium ciceri is one of the rhizobium genus that can have good symbiosis with this crop and fix atmospheric nitrogen up to 60-90% of crop nitrogen requirement after establishment on root crop. Therefore it could be said that biological fertilizers can increase crop production in a sustainable system. Mesorhizobiom can increase chickpea seeds and ultimately increase soil Phosphorus and Zinc concentration. Researchs showed that sulphur deficiency cause decrease seed yield. Nevertheless soil sulphur supply can help seed filling and increase economic yield. The aim of this study was evaluating effect of Mesorhizobium and Thiobacillus bacteria’ s and sulfur on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) and some soil parameters. Materials & Methods In order to study the effect of Mesorhizobium and Thiobacillus bacteria and sulfur on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) and some soil parameter, a field experiment was conducted at Jotai region of Khorasan Razavi province in 2013. This research was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 18 treatments. Experimental factors were three levels of sulphur (zero, 500 and 1000 kg ha-1), thiobacillus bacteria in two level (control and inoculation) and Mesoreizhobium in three levels (control, Mesorizhobium ciceri strain 190 and Mesorizhobium ciceri strain 9). Plot size was 2×4 m2 and row spacing and intra-row spacing were 60 and 20 cm, respectively. Irrigation were done at every 14 days. Weed control were done manually. Disease and pest were not recorded during experiment. After harvesting the crop, plant and soil samples from each plots were collected and transported to laboratory evaluation. Analysis of variance were done by SPSS software. Figures were prepared by Excel 2007. Mean comparison of data were done for least significant difference (LSD) at 1 and 5% level of significant. Results & Discussion Analysis of variance of plant height showed that main effect of sulphur on plant hight were significant at p<0. 01 and interaction effect of sulphur and mesorhizibium bacteria on plant hight were significant at p<0. 05. These result is consistent with results of Solemani & Asgharzadeh (2010). Analysis of variance of data showed that different species of mesorizhobium bacteria had significant effect at p<0. 01 on cheickpea yield. Mean comperision showed that the highest seed yield (1146. 73 kg ha-1) belong to mesorizhobium ciceri 190 and lowest seed yield (971. 07 kg ha-1) belong to mesorizhobium ciceri 9. Scientific reports showed that mesorizhobium inoculation with 25 kg ha-1 zinc sulphate had significantly increased the number of pods in plant and handred seed weight. Analysis of variance of root length showed that main and interaction effect of treatments were not significant on root length excep in mesorizhobium that were significant at p<0. 05. Analysis of variance of seed protein showed that main effect of sulphur, mesorizhobium, sulfhur and mesorizhobium and thiobacillus with mesorizhobium were significant at p<0. 01. Role of sulphur on seed protein were well understood. Analysis of variance of seed yield showed that main effect of mesorizhobium and interaction effect of sulphur and thibacillus and sulphur and mesorizhobium on seed yields were significant at p<0. 01. Shrivastava et al, (2000) showed that mesorizhobium bacteria inoculation had significant effect on soyabean yield. Analysis of variance of soil sulphur showed that interaction effect of sulphur and thiobacillus had significant effect at p<0. 01 on soil sulphur, phosphorus and soil pH but had no effect on soil potassium and electrical conductivity at p<0. 05. Main effect of sulphur had significant effect on soil phosphorus and soil pH at p<0. 01. However the main effect of mesorizhobium bacteria had significant effect on soil phosphorus at p<0. 01. Main effect of thiobacillus had only significant effect at p<0. 01 on soil pH. The interaction effect of sulphur and mesorizhobium had significant effect at p<0. 01 on soil phosphorus, soil potassium and soil pH at p<0. 01, but interaction effect of thiobacillus and mesorizhobium bacteria had only significant effect at p<0. 01 on soil phosphorus. Interaction effect of all three factors had significant effect at p<0. 01 on soil phosphorus and at p<0. 05 on soil sulphur, EC and soil pH. Conclusion Analysis of variance of data in this research showed that factors in this study had positive and significant effect on agronomic parameters of chickpea and soil physic-chemical properties.

Introduction Food legumes with high amounts of protein are known as the second largest source of human food. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) have large amounts of protein (28%), micronutrients and vitamins in its seeds and is one of the beans in the world that is highly consumed in human diets. Also, its straw contains 2% minerals and 59% carbohydrates and considered valuable in animal feeding. Study of the genetic diversity is one of the most important steps in plant breeding program, so that the genetic diversity is considered as the basis of selection. By studying the diversity, the relationships between traits can be understood, too, and the best assays for high yielding are selected. In this regard, the morphological markers are the selection criteria. As reviewed above, the present research was carried out for studying the genetic diversity of 100 lines of lentil in terms of agro-morphological, determining the relationship between seed yield and other traits and selecting the superior pure lines using multivariate statistics methods. Materials & Methods To evaluate the 100 lines of lentil that were imported from ICARDA, an experimental field was conducted in research station of Shahrekord University in based on simple lattice 10×10 with two replications at 2012-13 cropping season. Because of the incomplete blocks within each repeat for all characteristics were non-significant, the data were analyzed as the randomized complete block design. The studied pure lines were cultivated in late winter in 3-5cm depth and 10cm intervals on the plots which consisted of 2 rows of 1m length, and 30cm between rows. During the growth season, the weeding was done manually in several times. During the study, days to flowering and days to maturity were recorded. After the physiological maturity, 10 plants of each plot were harvested and some traits such as 100 seed weight (g), plant height (cm), number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant (g), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), seed diameter (mm), stem diameter (mm), biological yield per plant (g), RWC (%) and seed yield (kg/ha) were measured. Analysis of variance, comparison of means, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and estimate of Phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV), Genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV), broad sense heritability (h2) and genetic advance (GA) were achieved to evaluate the yield performances, genetic diversity and the relationship between traits in pure lines of lentil in the present study. For above analysis, SAS software version 9. 1 and SPSS software version 20 were used. Results & Discussion The results of analysis of variance showed that high genetic variation among studied lines as the differences between 100 pure lines were significant at 1% probability level. According to the means comparison, it was not observed a desirable line in terms of all studied traits but the superior pure lines (ILL590, ILL947, ILL3963, ILL2795, ILL461, ILL459, ILL353 and ILL5888) in terms of phonological characters, stem diameter, number of pods per plant, plant height and seed yield were identified. Number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant, leaf width and biological yield had the highest values of GCV, h2 and GA. The correlation analysis indicated that seed yield had positive and significant correlation with number of pods per plant and weight of pods per plant at 1% probability level; while its relationship with days to flowering and days to maturity was negative and significant at 1% probability level. Thirteen agronomic traits have been classified into four groups which expressed 77/97% diversity of the total variation according to the factor analysis Each of the first, second, third and fourth components were able to allocate 26. 16%, 25. 37%, 17. 30% and 9. 13% respectively. Cluster analysis using Euclidean distance with Ward's method placed the studied lines into eight groups and desirable lines in Shahrekord climate were grouped on the cluster 8. Conclusion Identification of relationship between agronomic traits and genetic diversity can help the breeders to select the best traits and varieties. The results of this study showed significant genetic variation for agronomic traits in lines of lentil and lines ILL590, ILL947, ILL3963, ILL2795, ILL461, ILL459, ILL353 and ILL5888 had high genetic potential for increasing the seed yield. Also, the number and weight of pods per plant, days to flowering and maturity can be used to improve the seed yield in breeding programs.

Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) is grown predominantly in Mediterranean environment where yield is faced with abiotic stresses such as water deficit. Due to shortage of water resources and sequential cropping in many areas, it is necessary to manage the irrigation water, because this would cause inadequate irrigation. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum yield and efficient use of available water, prevention of waste of water is necessary. One of the reasons for the use of zeolite in agricultural production and productivity of soil, is the moisture absorption and maintain the property for a long time and prevent environmental pollution. Zeolite acts as a slow release fertilizer, giving the plant access to water and nutrients for more times. Also zeolite caused significant saving in water use and reducing the amount of fertilizer. Thus helping to decrease the amount of water used per crop and the contamination of aquifers due to overuse of chemical fertilizers. Adjustment of drought negative effects by maintaining inflammation pressure, transpiration reduction and increase of water use efficiency has been through consumption of potassium. Although potassium unlike N and P, does not enter into the composition of any product. Potassium has an important role either direct or indirect, under different environments, in major plant processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis, enzyme activation, water uptake, osmoregulation, growth and yield of plant. Considering the importance of chickpea in nutrition of human and weather conditions of arid and semiarid, supplementary irrigation is necessity for cultivation of this plant in Iran; with regard to role of zeolite and potassium in reducing sensitivity of plants to water deficit and since there is limited published work about the effect of application of potassium sulphate combined with zeolite, this research was conducted to compare their effects on some of characteristics and yield of chickpea. Materials & Methods In order to study the effect of different irrigation regimes and different Zeolite and Potassium application on quality characteristics and yield of chickpea cv Azad, an experiment was conducted as split factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Station of Agriculture and Natural Resource Research center of Hamadan, during 2015 cropping season. Main plot included supplementary irrigation (check as non-irrigation, supplementary irrigation at flowering, irrigations at both flowering and pod setting and irrigation at pod setting stages) and subplot included three levels of zeolite (Z0=0, Z1=15 and Z2=30 ton ha-1) and three levels of potassium fertilizer (K0=0, K1=150 and K2= 250 kg ha-1 K2SO4) that located as split factorial in each sub plot. In this study, the amount of proline, potassium, protein, chlorophyll content (flowering and pod setting stage), seed yield and Plant weight were determined. Software SAS Ver. 9. 1 was used for the statistical analysis and the means were compared by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 0. 05 level of significance. Results & Discussion The results showed that the different irrigation regimes, Zeolite and Potassium fertilizer levels had significant effect on proline, potassium, protein, chlorophyll (flowering stage), chlorophyll (pod setting stage) and seed yield. The results indicated that drought stress significantly decreased leaf potassium and leaf chlorophyll whereas protein percent and proline were increased. Interaction between irrigation and Zeolite was significant except for chlorophyll (pod setting). In this study, the highest plant weight and seed yield were obtained under irrigations at both flowering and pod setting along with 30 ton ha-1 zeolite. Enhanced proline accumulation during stress indicates that proline is thought to play a cardinal role as an osmoregulatory solute in plants. The flowering stage in chickpea cultivars is the most sensitive stage to drought stress and in deficit water condition supplemental irrigation in this stage may considerably increases yield of chickpea. Conclusion Production in dry land farming systems in Iran is limited by deficiency of water. Chickpea has good potential to increase production in dry land conditions. Zeolite and potassium consumption can be positive effects on yield and quality characteristic of chickpea in severity and moderately stress conditions. It is concluded that zeolite and potassium consumption with ameliorate damages due to water stress could be effective on plant and formation economical yield in conditions of Hamadan region. Zeolite application in lands which are exposure to late season drought stress can keep soil water content and improve seed yield and production. Therefore, considering water shortage in drought area of the country, application of zeolite can be useful to save more water that leads to produce more yield. According to results of this study, potassium sulfate consumption has been enhanced 8 to 13 percent grain yield.

Introduction Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) is one of the richest seeds in legumes. Scientific and correct use of bio and organic fertilizers are a strategy to reduce the accumulation of chemical materials in agricultural products, soil and water resources and living organisms. Mycorhizal fungi, Phosphate and Zn solubilizing bacteria are the sample of these bio fertilizers. The most important beneficial effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis is increase the nutrient uptake, water use efficiency, productivity, improve plant nutrition and resistance to environmental stresses. The results of mycorrhizae symbiosis research in different plants show that the increase uptake of nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Iron (Fe), Zn, Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn). Mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Azotobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp. are able to increase uptake of nutrient elements particularly when they are applied with others. Phosphate and Zinc solubilizing bacteria facilitate uptake of slowly diffusing nutrient ions such as P, Zn, Fe and increase their availabilities usually by increasing volume of soil exploited by plants, spreading external mycelium, secreting organic acids, production of dehydrogenase and phosphates enzymes and reducing rhizosphere acidity. The main objective of this farm study was to evaluate the effect of using of P and Zn chemical and bio-fertilizers on yield, concentration and uptake of nutrient elements for the first time in two cultivars of bean in the Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province. Material & Methods This field experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments of this research consisted of two cultivars of Chiti bean (Talash and Sadri), four levels of P (P0: Control, P1: Chemical fertilizer on the basis of soil test, P2: 50 percent of recommended P + bio-fertilizer (P), and P3: bio-fertilizer (P)), three levels of Zn (Zn0: Control, Zn1: 50 kg ha-1 Zinc sulphate, and Zn3: bio-fertilizer (Zn)). Bio-fertilizer (P) treatment consisted of using inoculum of P solubilizing bacteria from Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5 and three species of mycorrhizal fungi from Glomus species (Clariodeoglumus etunicatum, Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformiss mosseae). Zn bio-fertilizer treatment consisted of using inoculum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MPFM and Pseudomonas fluorescent strain 187. Chemical fertilizers were applied from TSP at a rate of 100 and 50 kg ha-1 in P1 and P2 respectively, 50 kg ha-1 ZnSO4. 7H2O in Zn1. After harvesting the seed yield and nutrient concentration were measured. The nutrient uptake was measured by multiple seed yield on nutrient concentration. Statistical analysis was done with SAS statistical software. Duncan’ s multiple range test was used to compare means. Results & Discussion The results of this experiment showed that there were significant difference between two cultivars on seed yield, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake. The maximum values of studying parameters were obtained for Sadri cultivar (table 2 and 4). The effect of P treatment was significant on studying parameters, in a way P2 treatment in comparison with control treatment caused to increase seed yield (29%) Nitrogen (39%), P (98%), K (59%), Fe (32%), Zn (57%), Mn (45%) and Cu (22%) Uptake (Table 2 and 4). These results were agreement with findings of other researches. The effect of Zn treatment was significant on seed yield and nutrient concentration except Mn and nutrient uptake except P and Mn. The maximum nutrient uptake and bio enrichment except Fe was obtained from Zn1 (Table 2 and 4). Bean is one of the sensitive plants to Zn deficiency. In this study, the response to using Zn fertilizer was showed because of low soil Zn content. The antagonistic effect between P and Zn caused to decreasing concentration and uptake of P in Zn1 and Zn2. The interaction effect between P and Zn was significant on seed yield, nutrient concentration and uptake except P and Fe uptake. The maximum of studying parameters was obtained from P2Zn1 (Table 3 and 5). In this study, the dual inoculation with phosphate and Zn bio-fertilizers caused to increase nutrient concentration and uptake and improve seed enrichment especially elements with slowly diffusion ions such as P and Zn. It can be done with increasing mycorrhizal symbiosis, root colonization, phytosiderophores secretion, organic acids and chelated compounds production. Conclusion The results of this research revealed that individual and dual use of phosphate and Zn bio-fertilizers caused to increase seed yield, nutrient concentration and uptake in two studied cultivars of bean. Microorganisms used in biological treatments caused to increase the availability, concentration and uptake of nutrient elements. It can be done with increasing mycorrhizal symbiosis, root colonization and enhance secretion of siderophore compounds, organic acids and chelate compounds. Also, plant hormones and enzymes promoting growth increased with using of these bio treatments. In this research, the best treatment was using of mycorrhizal fungi with Azotobacter inoculant and 50 kg ha-1 TSP and 50 kg ha-1 ZnSO4. 7H2O. (P2Zn1 treatment). With using integrated bio and chemical-fertilizers of P and Zn in addition to reduce chemical P fertilizers application can be produce health grain with high quality and rich of nutrients.

Introduction Freezing tolerance is an important factor determining natural geographic distribution of plant species as well as growth and yield of many crop plants. Many plants from temperate and cold climates, including several important crop species, are able to increase their freezing tolerance in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures in a process termed cold acclimation. It is generally accepted that cellular membranes are the primary targets of freezing damage in plants. So, besides whole plant survival, determination of electrolyte leakage from plant tissues after freezing and thawing, using conductivity measurements has been the most frequently used method reported in the literatures. This method mainly monitors the ability of the plasma membrane to function as a semi-permeable barrier towards intracellular ions, but the intactness of the vacuole, as the major storage compartment for inorganic ions, may also impact the measurements. Under stress conditions, the possibility of over excitation of photosystem II (PSII) increases, and this reduces the photosynthetic rate and lead to an increase in the dissipation of absorbed energy through nonradiative processes. The measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence has been used for many years as a sensitive, reliable, and rapid method to determine the effect of environmental stresses, like drought, temperature, excessive light and air pollution on green plants. Decrease of the maximal rate of the fast rise of fluorescence after exposure of leaves to chilling temperatures, correlated well with the visual symptoms of chilling injury in several species Materials & Methods This study was carried out to measure chlorophyll fluorescence and determine the survival of two Vicia faba ecotypes (Borujerd and Neyshabur) in the fall and winter of 2015 at Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments were arranged as factorial based on completely randomized block design with four replications. Plants were grown in pots under natural conditions until four to six leaf stage for acclimation, and then were subjected to freezing temperatures (0,-4,-8,-12,-16,-20,-24 ° C) in a thermo gradient freezer. Freezer temperature was 5 ° C at the beginning and reached to-24 ° C, decreasing two degrees centigrade per hour. Ice nucleation active bacteria was sprayed to nucleation formation in plants at-3° C. Plants were kept for an hour in each temperature and then were transported to a cold chamber (5± 2 ° C) and kept for 24 hours to avoid rapid melting. Chlorophyll fluorescence was recorded with a pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer (PAM-2000, Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) before and 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hour after freezing stress. The efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers (F´ v/F´ m) and the quantum yield of electron transport at photosystem II (PSII), were determined. Survival percentage was determined after three weeks recovery in greenhouse condition. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA model, followed by Duncanʼ s test for mean comparison at 95 % confidence level by Minitab 16 program. Results & Discussion Result indicated that maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F'v/F'm) was four percent higher in Borujerd ecotype compared to Neyshabur ecotype. No significant change was found in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters with decreasing temperature from zero to-12° C but more temperature reduction caused chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to decrease in a way that the lowest mean was observed at-24° C. Rapid reductions were found in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as F'v/F'm until 24 hours after freezing stress which was followed by gently slope increasing trend, but the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, 72 hours after stress, did not return to the level before freezing stress. Survival rate was decreased as freezing temperature decreased and reached to 83% at-12° C. More temperature reduction to-16° C led to sever decrease in survival rate in a way that no plant survival and only five percent was observed in Borujerd and Neyshabur ecotypes, respectively. High regression coefficients were found between F'v/F'm and survival rate in both ecotypes (R2=0. 99 and R2=0. 98 for Borujerd and Neyshabur ecotypes, respectively) Conclusion Generally, evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of both Vicia faba ecotypes showed that chlorophyll fluorescence has a direct relationship with survival three weeks after freezing stress and can be used as an index for assessment of freezing tolerance.

Introduction The mungbean (Vigna radiate) alternatively known as green gram belongs to legume family. Mungbean is mainly cultivated today in India, China, Iran and USA generally. Weed infestation in mungbean crop is one of the main causes of low yield per hectare against the potential yield in the world. Weeds decreased mungbean yield up to 70% compared to weed control condition. Chemical weed control is the easiest and most successful alternative method in crop yields such as mungbean. Herbicides have increasingly become a key component of weed management programs, one being the reason accounts for increased crop yields in the world. Tank mixing is scientific methods for use of two or more herbicide in the field. The correct tank mix of two or more herbicides may save time and labor and may reduce equipment and application costs. In addition, such a mixture might also control a range of pests or enhance the control of one or a few weeds. The instant studies were undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of different herbicides alone and in mixture on dynamics of weeds in Mungbean to find out the suitable tank mixture of herbicides for the control of weeds in Mungbean. Materials & Methods Field experiment was conducted at college of agronomy, Shoushtar branch, Islamic Azad University, 2013-2014 to investigate the efficacy of some herbicide mixtures on weeds control and mung bean seed yield. The field experiment was carried out under completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 3 replications. Experimental treatments including Haloxyfop-R-methyl, Bentazone and Oxyflurophone (at recommended dose rates) mixing of Bentazone + Haloxyfop-R-methyl, bentazone + oxyflurophone, Haloxyfop R-methyl + Oxyflurophone (decrease dose to 80% and 50% of recommended dose rates). Check treatment was without any control of weeds. Experiment data were recorded on weed density, weed dry eight, Mungbean grain yield, biololgic yield, pod per plant, 100 grain weight, grain per pod and plant height. Results & Discussion The general weeds were included Clome viscose, Echinocloa colonus and cyperusrotondus. In this study, bentazone and bentazone+ oxyflurophone (decrease dose to 80%) decreased Cyperus rotundus density to 1. 3 and 2. 3 plant per m-2. The lowest Echinochloa crus-galli l. density obtained in Haloxyfop-R-methyl, Bentazon +Haloxyfop-R-methyl (decrease dose to 80% and 50%) respectively 0, 1. 3 and 2 plant per m-2. All herbicide treatment control Clome viscose compared control except Haloxyfop-R-methyl (0. 8 l ha-1). Maximum mungbean seed yield (2733 kg ha-1) obtained in application of combination Bentazone+Haloxtphobe_R-methyl (decrease dose to 50%) but the lowest Mungbean yield showed in Oxyfluorfen (2 l ha-1). Previous studies showed that there was phytotoxicity of herbicides on mungbean cultivars. The highest phytotoxicity effects of herbicides on mungbean after 30 days showed in Oxyfluorfen were applied at recommended doses (heavy damage scale). This signifies the necessity of the tank mix application of herbicide for better weed control and improve mungbean yield. Several researchers have reported better weed. Applying herbicides at lower doses by tank mixing methods has a fit in specific situations as they might allow increased profits to be realized by growers, reduce potential injury to current and succeeding susceptible crops, and minimize risk to the environment and results of this study showed Bentazone+ Haloxtphobe_R-methyl (decrease dose to 50%) that treatment had maximum mungbean seed yield compared other treatments. Conclusion Studies have demonstrated that low doses of herbicides by tank mixed herbicides could result in faster evolution of herbicide resistance. So reducing herbicide doses by tank mixing method is better combined with weed integrated management. Application doses of these post-emergence herbicides could be substantially reduced to below registered doses without sacrificing their efficacy on weeds. Results indicated that Haloxyfop-R-methyl was most effective on controlling grass weeds and Bentazone herbicides controlled broadleaf weeds efficiently. No one of these herbicides could not control of weeds effectively alone but Mixing of Haloxyfop-R-methyl + Bentazone at level 80% and 50% could reduce dry weight of total weeds (26. 6 and 10. 4 g m-1) and were successful in weed control. Reduction amounts depended on weed composition and herbicide due to different effectiveness of these herbicides on broadleaved and grass weeds. Results concluded that integrated application of Bebtazon + Haloxyfop-R-methyl (50% recommended dose rate) was the best treatment for weeds management in mungbean fields in Khuzestan condition.

Introduction Regarding the importance of bean production in supplying of plant based protein for human being societies and its area under cultivation in Iran, identification and management of pests and diseases associated to this crop are important. Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the biotic agents that adversely affect the production of bean crops. In order to manage these pathogens, their identification and distribution is necessary. Plant parasitic nematodes damaging bean are widely reported through the world. In Florida, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Paratrichodorus christei, Dolichodorus heterocephalus and Hoplolaimus spp. are reported from bean cultivated field while causing severe damage (Rhoades, 1964, 1974). In Michigan Pratylenchus penetrans was the most common root lesion nematode. In fact Pratylenchus spp. have wide host ranges and are pathogenic to many important crops viz Phaseolus vulgaris. There are a few reports across Iran regarding the plant parasitic nematodes of bean. In a study of plant parasitic nematodes of pulse crops in southern Balochistan, Pratylenchus neglectus and Meloidogyne javanica were reported from bean fields. Five species Aphelenchoides cyrtus, Ditylenchus medicaginis, Merlinius brevidens, D. parvus and Paratylenchus coronatus with 37. 6, 30. 8, 24. 6, 20. 5 and 19. 1 percent frequency, respectively, were the most common nematode species in the legume fields of Lorestan province. Although Markazi province is one of the poles of bean-growing in Iran but there is a few information about plant parasitic nematodes on bean. The aim of this study was to identify the plant parasitic nematodes associated with bean, determination their population density and geographical distribution. Materials & Methods In order to determine the plant parasitic nematodes 174 root and soil samples were collected from bean fields in Khomein, Shazand and Arak cities during 2012-2013. The samples were analyzed and the population density of the extracted nematodes was counted at genus level using counting slide. Then the obtained nematodes were fixed and transferred to hydrated glycerol, the nematodes were mounted on microscopic slides and identified at species level, based on morphometrical and morphological characters. Cyst nematodes were isolated using Fenwick can technique. After analyzing the samples, infested areas were identified and frequency based on the number of species compared to the total sample were determined. Results & Discussion In this study, 22 species belonging to 18 genera of suborder Tylenchina, infraorder Tylenchomorpha were identified. Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus sp., Aphelenchoides sp. and family of Pratylenchidae including P. neglectus, Zygotylenchus guevarai and Pratylenchoides ritteri from family Merliniidae with 100, 58 and 95 percent frequency respectively, were the most common nematode species in the bean fields of Markazi province. Subfamily of Merliniinae the genera of Merlinius, Scutylenchus, Tylenchorynchus and Amplimerlinius with 56 percent frequency, were found in Khomein and Shazand bean fields. The family of Hoplolaimidae was detected in Khomein and Shazand bean fields with 39 percent frequency. Among the cyst forming nematodes in addition to Heterodera filipjevi which was found in bean fields rotated by wheat, H. goettingianawas found in a bean field in Ghasemabad, Arak, this species in known as pea cyst nematode. H. goettingiana had already been reported from two areas in Dorud region (Lorestan province). This species was found in some wheat fields that bean was one of the crops in rotation. According to the occurrence of this species in bean field in Markazi province which borders Lorestan Province, it seems that it is distributed in pea and bean fields in two provinces. Some nematodes identified in this study are important as plant parasiting and damaging for bean. P. neglectus with 93, 42 and 22 percent frequency respectively detected in the bean fields of Khomein, Arak and Shazand. Root lesion nematodes were reported as the most common nematodes on bean and other legumes in Italy, North Africa and Middle East. Elliott & Bird (1985) reported damage of root lesion nematodes in bean fields among 10 to 80 percent. Therefore, it is necessary to research on the importance and evaluation the damage caused by this species. Moreover due to the abundance of Ditylenchus in bean fields of Markazi province, it needs intensive research as far as crop loss aspects are concerned. Conclusion In the present study, among identified nematodes, family of Pratylenchidae was the most important plant parasitic nematode with 58 percent frequency. Also genus of Ditylenchus spp. detected in all of bean fields of Markazi province.

Introduction Nowadays, in conventional farming systems, due to the limited amount of cultivated land and the need for most of communities to increase the production of agricultural products, unbalanced fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, have been consumed. The study of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) fertilizers use in 2014 indicates that the average total consumption of these fertilizers worldwide is 85. 5, 2. 3 and 20. 4 (kg. ha-1), an increase of 31. 7, 28. 1 and 12% respectively compared to 2000. On the other hand, increasing the health and security of food products produced in agricultural systems is essential for maintaining the dynamism of ecosystem resources based on ecological principles. Unbalanced consumption and excessive demand for chemical inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) have caused instability in farmland systems and the irreparable economic and environmental consequences of their consumption in agriculture all over the world. Sustainable agriculture relies on the reduction or elimination of chemical inputs for agricultural production, with the aim of achieving long-term sustainable production and adaptation to the environment. The main objective of sustainable agriculture is to increase the efficiency of the internal cycle of soil nutrients and the use of organic and organic fertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in order to improve the stability of grain yield and quality, while maintaining the proper utilization of soil and water resources in agricultural ecosystems. Researchers have shown that more attention to soil management and the beneficial potential of microorganisms from plant to soil can enhance biodiversity, health and, consequently, the dynamics of soil elements. So, in order to achieve a sustainable agricultural system, it is necessary to use inputs that improve plant ecological aspects in addition to meeting plant needs and reduce the negative effects of chemical inputs. Materials & Methods This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during growing season of 2016 at the experimental field of Beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 31' E, 33° 40' N and 1653m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of three factors were studied: 1. Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal M (Glomus etunicatum, G. Intraradices, G. mossea) in tow levels (M1= inoculation, M2= no inoculation), 2. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (strain 15) A, in tow levels (A1= inoculation, A2= no inoculation) and 3. Different Cultivars of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) in three levels (V1: Beiranshahr landrace, V2: Akhtar and V3: Goli varieties). The seeds were inoculated with mentioned biological compounds before culturing. Traits such as: number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index were measured. Results & Discussion The results showed that the effect of Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index in the red bean cultivars were significantly increased, and as well as the effect of the Mycorrhiza and cultivars, the number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield and harvest index Bean cultivars were significantly increased. Azotobacter and Mycorrhizal inoculation, 12. 4 and 24. 5 percent, respectively Bean plant yield was increased compared to control treatment. The highest grain yield in Goli varieties were compared to the 45. 2 and 51. 1 percent, Akhtar varieties and Beiranshhr landrace, respectively. Conclusions Obtained results of this experiment showed that the yield and yield components of Red Bean cultivars were influenced by applied treatments. It seems that the use of biological fertilizers (Mycorrhizal and Azotobacter) through better root and shoot growth, the balance between vegetative and reproductive development and improvement of bean pods per plant, seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant and 100 seed weight, could bean cultivars to significantly increase of economic performance. In this experiment, avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus was reduced traits significantly. That biological fertilizers cooperative could this decrease was caused by created nutritional, compensation. In general, the use of these microorganism’ s favorable conditions for improving the yield and yield components of Bean plant provides. Generally, the application of these microorganisms provided the best conditions for improving the yield and yield components of bean plants, which, in view of the objectives of sustainable production of this plant, as well as to reduce the use of fertilizers in stable indigenous agricultural systems, could be used to be placed.

Introduction Shallow groundwater is a resource which can provides and meets high values of plant’ s water requirement. Shallow groundwater use by plant depends on different factors as: soil hydraulic conductivity, plant root features and characteristics, salinity tolerance level, a proper drainage system, irrigation system and management. In case of shallow groundwater use by plant, total irrigation number and water requirement will be reduced. Therefore, shallow groundwater, is a potential, efficient and free water resource in agriculture which sometimes defined as subsurface irrigation. The present study was conducted with the aim to examine the effects of shallow water table of 60, 80 and 110 cm depth on the water requirement, water use efficiency and different yield components of two lentil varieties namely that was conducted into two-factor factorial and based on completely randomized design with three replications. This research was carried out at Kermanshah with semi-arid climate by using lysimeters during two growing season 2013 and 2014. Materials & Methods The research was performed at the Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering Research Lysimetric Station, located at 47° 9′ E and 34° 21′ N, with an elevation of 1319 m (asl), as a part of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University in Kermanshah, Iran. In this study 18 Polyetelen lysimeters with diameter of 280 mm were used. The bottom of lysimeters were blocked to prevent of any leaching. Groundwater levels in the lysimeters were determined and fixed by Marriott siphon that was installed beside of each lysimeter in different groundwater depths of 60, 80 and 110 cm. The soil texture in the lysimeters was Silty clay. The cultivation in the first and second year of the research was conducted in 13 and 16 March, years 2013 and 2014 respectively. To obtain the amount of water requirement of plants, evaporation data of pan class A was received daily from the meteorology station which was located at distance of one hundred meters from research station. In this research, water requirement was determined by considering three stages as: reference evapotranspiration (ETo), the crop coefficient (KC) and finally crop evapotranspiration. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were done for different treatment by MSTATC software Results & Discussion According to the results in both years of study, maximum and minimum consumption of groundwater belong to depths of 60 and 110 cm, respectively. The ground water contribution for depths of 60, 80 and 110 cm was obtained as 53. 76%، 36. 50%، 15. 23%, respectively. The results showed that maximum groundwater use efficiency, based on seed yield, for ILL6037 and Kimia cultivars was obtained in depths of 110, and the minimum groundwater use efficiency, for ILL6037 cultivar was obtained in depths 60 and 80 cm during both years of study, respectively. Also the maximum and minimum seed yield in both years of study was obtained for Kimia cultivar, in water table depths 60 and 110 cm respectively. Moreover, the maximum and minimum protein values was obtained, for Kimia cultivar in depth of 110 cm and ILL6037 cultivar in depth of 60 cm respectively. Conclusion It can be concluded that by increasing the depth of water table the values of groundwater contribution to crop water requirement was reduced. It may reason of increasing the distance between plant roots and water table. As a result of this phenomenon, plant root access to water by the use of capillary rise to meet the water requirement reduced and therefore, the groundwater contribution for providing plant water requirement was reduced. The results of this research showed that legume crops such as Lentil can use groundwater properly.

Introduction Human as the greatest utilization of land resources without posterity note with the aim being to further develop the standard of living, and ultimately increase the health of the population is taken. So that in 2025 the world population will reach over 8. 3 billion people. Since the 1950s, the process was accelerated population growth, Agriculture provides food and supplies to people. The use of chemical fertilizers also as an agent to increase the amount of spread. Accordingly, applying the methods of sustainable agriculture and ecological agriculture to lead the world is required (Kochaki et al., 2005). Many studies suggest that the issue of excessive use of chemical fertilizers, crop yield has been faced with a significant drop (Khaje Hosseini & Koocheki, 2008). The reason for this decline is attributable to the lack of balance acidity of the soil; reduce soil biological activity, physico-chemical properties of soil loss (Kaushik & Garg, 2003; Adediran et al., 2004). Loss of biodiversity and groundwater and surface water (Brar et al., 2008) pollution and climate change cited. The use of biofertilizers in addition to economic benefits reduces environmental pollution, reduce production costs and improve product quality implications (Aseri et al., 2008). In addition legume plants are an important source of plant protein, which is important for low-income community. The positive effects of bio-fertilizers, especially in the root zone is the maintenance of water and food. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on root and shoot characteristics pinto bean cultivars is COS16 and 21676. Materials & Methods In order to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on root characteristics of two varieties of beans, an experiment was conducted on factorial arrangement base on completely randomized design with three replications as in research greenhouses College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2014. In this test we used pots was filled 1: 1: 1 relatively ratio with leaf compost, soil and sand. The first factor was two varities pinto bean (COS16 and 21676) and the second factor was six treatments of bio-fertilizers include 1) Nitroxin® (containing bacteria Azotobacter sp. And Azospirillum sp), 2) Bio-Phosphorus ® (PSB) (containing phosphate solubilizing bacteria Bacillus sp., And Pseudomonas sp. ), 3) bacteria coexist beans (Rhizobium), total organic fertilizers symbiotic beans), 4) compound fertilizers Nitroxin and Bio-Phosphorus, 5) 60 kg urea per hectare, and 6) control. Seeds was obtained from the National Research Center Beans Khomeini. Inoculating seeds with biofertilizers base on standard method (Kennedy et al., 2004) away from direct light and follow the manufacturer's recommendations, along with the planting was done. By watering each pot was half a liter bottles. At the end was measure all morphological roots and shoot traits. Results & Discussion Resulted of analysis variation showed that the highest and lowest root dry weight was achieved in nitroxin and symbiotic bacteria treatement respectively. The 21676 vareity root dry weight was more than the COS16 vareity. Nitroxin bio-fertilizer had the greatest impact on root length and COS16 variety was longer than the 20676 variety. COS16 variety inoculated with bio-phosphorus fertilizer had the highest total dry weight. The COS16 variety was the lowest dry weight in control. The highest and lowest pods number recorderd in Nitroxin treatemnt and control, respectively. The highest umber of seeds per pod was in the treatment nitroxin and COS16, and the lowest in control and the 21676. Conclusion It seems that bacteria Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. which is the main contents are included nitroxin bio-fertilizer, high in nitrogen fixation ability and the availability of nutrients needed by plants such as phosphorus, potassium, iron-siderophore production and Mhlvlsazy, the synthesis of phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin the synthesis of enzymes that affect plant growth and development, especially in the 21676 positive effects on the traits of their own.