Journal of Sport Biosciences
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:2|Papers Count:8

The purpose of this study was the effects of exercise preconditioning with high intensity interval training (HIIT) on metabolites of NO (NO2-, NO3-), and infarction size of myocardium after ischemia/reperfusion injury in healthy male rat. For this reason, 44 wistar rat were randomly divided into 4 group HIIT (n=8), Group HIIT + protocol IR (n=14), control group (n=8) and control + protocol IR (n=14). Each session of HIIT was 1 hour of exercise in the 3-stage, 6-minute running of 50 to 60% VO2max warm up, 7 Period 7-minute running with an including of 5 to 20 ° slop (4 min with an intensity of 80 to 120, 3 minutes of 50-60% VO2max) and 5-minute running of 50 to 60% VO2max cool-down. Control group did not participate in any exercise program. NO and its metabolites were measured by using Griess reaction. Results showed there was a significant difference on nitrite (0. 855 mol per liter, equivalent to 34. 79%), nitrate (6. 202 mol per liter, equivalent to 149. 48%) and NOX (6. 6 micromoles per liter, equivalent to 98. 11%) levels in HIIT group than control group. That, the results showed, AAR was significantly more (9. 06%, p=0. 010) and INF was significantly lesser (23. 2%, p <0. 001) in exercise training group in comparison with control. In generally, it seems that increase in No-NO3-, NO2-axis is one of mechanisms that HIIT exercise program can protect heart from Ischemia/Reperfusion injury and decreased myocardial infarction.

Omentin-1 is a newly discovered adipokine with improving insulinsensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training on plasma omentin-1 levels in obese men. 28 obese men (mean age: 35. 7 ± 8. 0 yr, weight: 95. 5 ± 14. 3 kg, and BMI: 31. 8 ± 4. 3 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study, and were divided into control (n=12) and resistance training (n=16) groups. Subjects in training group performed 8 weeks of circuit resistance training with 50-85% 1RM (3 days/week). Blood samples were collected from all subjects before and after the training program. Anthropometric parameters, plasma fasting glucose, insulin, and omentin-1 levels, as well as insulin resistance index (HOMAIR) were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Paired and independent sample t tests were used to analyze the data. The correlation of variables was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient. Resistance training significantly reduced body weight, BMI and body fat percentage (P<0. 05). Significant reductions in plasma insulin concentration and HOMA-IR scores were found when compared with control group (P<0. 05). No significant changes were observed in plasma omentin-1 concentration. These findings indicated that resistance training did not affect plasma omentin-1 circulating levels despite changes in body composition and metabolic parameters. Therefore, it seems that other mechanisms other than changes in body composition and insulin resistance may be involved in regulating plasma omentin-1 levels.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic interval training and the purported antioxidant treatment, selenium nanoparticle supplementation on the expression of autophagy in 4T1 breast cancerbearing mice with cachexia. 3-5 weeks old Balb/c mice were initially assigned to control, interval training, selenium nanoparticles and interval training-selenium nanoparticles (n = 15– 16/group). After 6 weeks of training, half of each group was injected with 4T1 tumor cells, followed by 6 additional weeks of training. Finally, the mice were sacrificed, tissues were removed and were quantified using the Real-time PCR method. The effect of exercise training on the expression of LC3 and the effect of cancer on mTOR is significant. Combination of interval training and selenium nanoparticles maintained skeletal muscle function in cancer (P<0. 05). finally, the adaptation of autophagic genes against physiological and pathologic stresses can be considered to be a counterbalance in body effort to modify these conditions and to bring the body to physiological homeostasis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training on adiponectin, PAI-1, and VCAM-1 in sedentary middle-aged women. For this purpose, 40 sedentary middle-aged overweight women (BMI 25-30 kg/m2, age range 35-45 years) volunteered to participate in the study. They were divided into two groups: interval training (n=20) and control (n=20). Interval training group worked for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, three 10-second speed intervals with 30-second rest intervals followed by three 30-second speed intervals with 90-second rest intervals). In order to increase overload, the number of intervals increased (an interval per week) after two weeks. Two days before and after the last training session, body composition and blood factors were measured in fasting state. Independent t test results showed that after 8 weeks of interval training, serum adiponectin level significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0. 05) and serum VCAM-1 and PAI-1 levels decreased significantly. Also, body fat percentage, body mass index and waist circumference followed a period of interval training decreased and the maximum oxygen consumption increased (P<0. 05). Therefore, it can be said that interval training increases adiponectin (a regulator of body metabolism); it also decreases VCAM-1 and PAI-1 which can improve the quality of life in sedentary obese women.

Swimming and vitamin D increases the antioxidant capacity and maintain the health of brain cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks endurance swimming and vitamin D supplementation on Klotho levels of the brain tissue. In this study, 25 rats were divided into 5groups: 1) healthy control 2) solvent 3) vitamin D, 4) swimming and 5) vitamin D + swimming. Swimming training program included one hour daily for 6 weeks and 5 days per week. In addition, supplementary groups were received vitamin D supplement (2ng/0. 2mg sesame oil/every other day) intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc testat significance level of p<0. 05. Klotho levels were measured by ELISA. There was no significant difference in Klotho levels of brain tissue between control and vitamin D groups (p=0/19). The means level of klotho Respectively in swimming group and vitamin D+swimming group was significantly higher than control group (P=0. 01) (P=0. 003). Also there was no significant difference between control with supplement group (P = 0. 30) and the swimming group (P=0. 97) and the difference in average level of this protein was not significant between supplement and swimming group (P = 0. 64). The results of this study showed that swimming alone and in combination with vitamin D supplementation could increase the Klotho levels of brain tissue and consequently may have neuroprotective role against detrimental factors and leads to a significant increase in resources and and finally neuronal protection.

Aim: The incidence of heart failure increases with age. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training and oral green tea extract on cardiac caspase-3 expression in aged male rats. Methodology: In this study, 32 aged male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, exercise, supplement and exercise + supplement. Exercise groups performed at intensity of 60-75% of vo2peak aerobic exercise for 12 weeks and 5 days per week; meantime, the supplementary groups consumed green tea extract. Immunohistochemistry method was used to measure the expression of caspase-3. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The results show that caspase-3 expression was significantly lower in exercise group (18%), supplement group (13%) and exercise + supplement group (43%), than the control group (p≤ 0. 05). Also, caspase-3 expression was significantly lower in exercise + supplement group than exercise group (30%) and supplement group (34%) (p≤ 0. 05). Conclusion: According to the results of this of this study, combination of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training with supplementation of green tea extract can decreased the expression of cardiac caspase-3 than aerobic training and supplementation of green tea alone.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of active recovery and contrast water immersion on serum levels of creatine kinase(CK) and C-reactive protein(CRP) after a single simulated team sport exercise. Material and methods: Sixteen futsal players were selected with age 26. 4± 2. 45 yr, height 177. 1± 4. 63cm, weight 73. 5± 9. 82 kg. After implementing the simulated team protocol in two separate sessions, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups and in one of the recovery methods for 20 minutes (alternating swim in hot / cold water: 2 minutes in warm water, 38 ° C and then 2 minutes in water Cool 15 Degrees or Active Recovery: 8 minutes of slow motion, 8 minutes of running and 4 minutes of stretching). CK and CRP were evaluated at immediately, 1h and 24h post exercise. Results: CK blood concentration was (517. 44± 98. 343) after exercise, (626. 19± 84. 823) at1h and (830. 87± 99. 652) at 24h post-exercise after active recovery. CK blood concentration was (518. 25± 97. 801) after exercise, (612. 19± 89. 844) at1h and (803. 81± 105. 200) at 24h post-exercise after contrast water immersion. CRP blood concentration was (4. 33± 1. 284) after exercise, (5. 97± 1. 228) at1h and (6. 76± 1. 200) at 24h post-exercise after active recovery. CRP blood concentration was (4. 28± 1. 23) after exercise, (5. 64± 1. 329) at1h and (6. 42± 1. 777) at 24h post-exercise after contrast water immersion. The results show no significant differences in levels of CK and CRP between the two methods of recovery (p<0. 05). Conclusion: These findings show that active recovery and contrast water immersion followed by team sport exercise lead to simillar CK and CRP responses in futsal players.

Epigenetic changes and cardiac reconstruction are among the most important adaptations in endurance training. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene expression of histone deacetylase-4 and myocyte enhancer factor-2c (MEF-2c) in male rats in interaction with exhaustive swimming. 12 male Wistar rats (mean age: 7± 1 weeks, weight 275± 25 gr) were randomly divided into two groups (each group 6 subjects): control and training. After performing the exhaustive swimming for 3 hours per session and 5 days per week for 10 weeks, their left ventricle was isolated; then the gene expression were investigated by Real Time-PCR. Data were analyzed by independent t test and the significance level was P≤ 0. 05. The results showed that after 10 weeks of exhaustive swimming, the HDAC4 gene significantly increased (P=0. 02), but MEF-2c gene significantly decreased (P=0. 001) compared with the control group. Therefore, 10 weeks of exhaustive swimming increased gene expression of HDAC-4 and consequently reduced gene expression of MEF-2c by an increase in the activity of transcription factors attached to HDAC-4.