JOURNAL OF POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF IRAN
Year:2018 | Volume:13 | Issue:25|Papers Count:7

Despite that a large number of Iranian women are involved in internal migration, they have rarely been considered in empirical studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of women as proposers of family migration and its determinants. For this aim, a total of 500 of migrant women in the cities of Tehran and Mallard were surveyed by using questionnaire and multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings indicate that the women have relatively high power in their family and in large number of cases, they are the first proposer of migration. Contrary to conventional notion that emphasize on women as tied migrants, the results of this study show that women appear as providers of family migration. Given that the social status of Iranian women, especially from the point of view of education, is improving, it expected that their role in migration will increase in the future. Migrating to Tehran province and residing in this province has some consequences for women and even whole family and it may cause changes in the family structure after migration.

Migration has a major impact on the distribution of resources, health services, economic development, changing the population redistribution and settlement patterns, which causes changes in regional and national planning. In order to make these plans more effective, deep knowledge of migration flows is essential. However, less studies in Iran have examined the indicators related to the impact of internal migration on population redistribution. Hence, in the present study, using census data from 1996 to 2016, the study of migration indicators and its impact on population redistribution and changing of country's patterns (by five-year period, 1991-2016) is undertaken. The findings showed that in spite of fluctuations in the internal migration flows, different regions of the country experienced different migration rates. In the studied period, the border counties, especially the western and southeastern parts, have the highest rates of out-migration rate and the largest counties, mainly in the central regions have highest rates of in-migration. During the twenty-five years of study, the migration efficiency index, along with the change in net migration rates, showed similar regional differences with net migration. Despite these differences in counties, the rate of migration effectiveness during the periods of 2006-2016 has been decreasing. The study of the flow of internal migration also showed that this flow after three periods of migration (1991-1996, 1996-2001, and 2001-2006), which flowed from the lower density areas to the densely populated areas, during the period of 2006-2001 experienced an opposite flow. and the migration flow from the densely populated areas to low-density areas was formed, but during the last five period again, the migration flows was from low-density areas to densely populated areas. Consequently, if the decentralization of the country's facilities and investments does not diminish and the irregular development of the country continues, migration flows will continue to the denely populated areas.

The present research, aimed to explore the meaning of child and its role in childbearing in the perspective of childless married women. Using a qualitative method with Basic Interpretive approach, 18 in-depth interviews were conducted with women who were married within last 5 years and were voluntarily childless. These women were selected using purposive sampling method in the summer of 2017 and thematic content analysis with inductive approach was conducted. The main theme emerged was: “ Child meaning is an integration of an intrinsic and internal desire with ambiguity and concerns, which coincide with increased rationality on voluntary & planned childbearing, changes in child’ s role in the quality of marital relations and elderly support. It is a dynamic notion and it evolves by time transition (both in the life course, and cohort transition)” . Despite intrinsic value of child, due to increased rationalization, women are looking to find circumstances that decide on child bearing upon control of all conditions, to ensure of marital quality before childbearing and looking to mediate their expectations from their child in elderly by having an active and healthy elderly. This meaning of child and it’ s implication in life needs to be considered in the interpretation of changes of childbearing behavior in recent generations.

In recent years, household size has undergone a plunging trend. Social, economic, cultural and structural changes in society affected household size through proximate determinates such as the age of marriage, marital patterns, fertility, mortality, divorce, and widowhood. The primary purpose of this research is to determine the proximate and socioeconomic factors of the household size determinants. This research has been performed by using the data from census in 396 townships of Iran in 2011. Among the Iranian townships, the average household size changed from 4. 8 members in 1996 to 3. 5 members in 2011. Also, the average household size varies considerably between the privacies of the country, from 6. 6 in the province of Kangan to 2. 9 in the province of Taleghan. Path analysis shows that fertility reduction is one of the most critical factors in reducing the size of the household. The average age of marriage decreased somewhat after fertility control. Fertility, the average age of marriage and unemployment have a direct relationship with household size. On the other hand, the indicators of modernization and employment of women have an inverse relationship with household size. Fertility has the most positive association (β = 0. 61) and modernization has the most inverse association (β = 0. 41) with household size.

Despite the emphasis on direct and formal pronatlaist policies, little attention has been paid to the role of media on the success of population policies. After the implementation of antinatalist policies in Iran, the pronatalist policy was formally revealed by the announcement of the population decree by the Supreme Leader in May 2014. Although the new policy is comprehensive and pays attention to various aspects (i. e quantity and quality) of population, the media discourse only promotes one aspect, that is quantitative aspect of the policy. This means that the media content not only does not have the ability for making behavioral change, but also produces an incomplete picture of the new population policy. Using the planned behavior theory, this paper identifies factors affecting behavior change, and introduces main discourses in Iran and Keyhan newspapers as the two mainstream media by using critical discourse analysis. Then, discourses are analyzed taking into account the presence or lack of determining factors of fertility. Finally, three principles are proposed for the improvement of advocacy of population policies which includes a) considering multiple factors affecting fertility behavior, b) taking informed, selective and rational audience approach, and c) making scientific communication and collaboration between journalists and demographers.

In this article, the economic status of female heads of households and their way of dealing with these conditions are analyzed using qualitative method and grounded theory approach. For this purpose, 40 female headed households were selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling at the Consultative Center of Welfare Organization and Imam Khomeini Emdad Committee of City of Shiraz. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using field theory (open, axial, and selective coding). According to the paradigmatic model obtained in this study, female households are in short supply in terms of access to housing, suitable employment, education, health, and even food security. Physical disabilities, family limitation for work, family nursing and renting have been identified as a prerequisite for creating an insecure family environment for women. Employer's distrust, wage discrimination, insecurity in the workplace, and the difficulties in combining work and family as intervening conditions have created an unsafe family environment for women. The strategy of women's actions in dealing with such conditions is the limitation of the network of social relations, the dropout and occupation, the saving of resources and goods, and renunciation of many demands and needs The consequence of the continuation of this cycle of disability and deprivation is the reproduction of a variety of diseases and disabilities, malnutrition, marginalization and, finally, a sense of despair and helplessness. Based on this study, it is suggested to increase job opportunities and eliminate social barriers to women's employment, empowerment of women headed households and their children.

Population characteristics in general and specially age structure of the population, have a very important effect on the levels of government spending and thus on potential financial strain. The young and old age population are two groups that impose various costs on the government from different aspects. In particular, the young population is merely a consumer through the need for education and other services and, given the high share of the population under the age of 15, has a significant impact on the formation of government spending. Based on the estimation of regression models, the relationship between the age structure of the population and the social expenditures of the state during the period (1971-2016) is explained by using available information and statistics. Excel and Eviews have been used in calculations. The age structure of the population has a financial strain, whereby the relative increase of the elderly and younger populations increases with the share of social services substantinely. The results show that due to population pressure and increasing needs, the ratio of educational expenditures to gross domestic product is significantly affected by the proportion of young population. On the other hand, the share of health and welfare expenditures with the elderly population is positive and meaningful.