JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCHES OF IRAN AND ISLAM
Year:2020 | Volume:14 | Issue:26|Papers Count:12

The individual freedom and government power have been among the concepts and issues discussed between the various political and religious currents during the constitutional period. Against the constitutional movement, one of the basic principles of which is the individual freedom and government power. Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri and Mirza Naeini, as representatives of the two important currents of thought, confronted each other and offered different views. It seems that most of the differences go back to the political foundations and ideas of individuals, but in fact, the differences between the scholars of the constitutional era are mainly in the analysis of political currents, comments on individuals and parties, motives. There were such cases, and it was natural that there would be disagreement in discussing such matters and commenting on these cases. In a comparative study using this method of comparative research, this article discusses the ideas and positions of the legitimate constitutional current and its main leader, Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri, against the constitutionalist scholars and its main leader, Allameh Naeini.

Toledo's economy during the Umayyad period of Andalusia, was One of the significant components in the formation and continuity of social movements and protest actions, that Checking it can be important, due to Toledo's special circumstances politically, socially and geographically. The specific conditions of that city, including the capital background, geographical centrality, the presence of various native tribes of Spain in the vicinity, next to the barbarians and immigrant Arabs, and their participation in urban economy and social actions in the second and third century AH, determined the city's special relationship with Umayyads. As during this period, Toledo was the site of protest movements and consecutive riots, while often the way the Umayyad government deals with these movements had exacerbated it. That's the main question in the present study that how did Toledo's economic situation and its market affect the formation, continuation and decline of the protest movements in that city? The research hypothesis is that given the geographical centrality and political and commercial background of Toledo, the prosperity of agriculture and its market enabled it to confront the government, and provided the possibility and the impetus for the protest movements, while the economic decline in specific periods, was relatively effective in declining movements.

The Dehgans were one of the most important and influential social classes in Iranian history during the Sassanid and early Islamic centuries. The social position of the Dehgans who were educated and aristocratic landowners, in the transition from the ancient times to the Islamic era, when great political and religious changes took place, did not decrease but also improved in some cases. During conquests, Dehgans were mainly rulers and governors of many different regions of Sassanid Iran. They reached peace and consensus with Arab conquerors and maintained their aristocracy for several centuries. But what is important in the history of this social class, is a change in the concept of Dehgan from the sixth century AH onwards. In fact, from this century onwards we are witnessing the gradual evolution of the concept of Dehgan from aristocratic landowner to poor rural. This research seeks to explain why this very important evolution occurred. According to the research findings, this evolution was not caused by political changes (the fall of the Sassanid regime) or religious changes (the conversion of Iranians to Islam), but rather by economic changes and the land system.

"awareness" is an acquired process that one acquires in interacting with others in the process of education. Given the rule of traditional rules in the field of diplomatic relations with Iran, it was necessary to update these rules. The gradual process of formation and institutionalization of the State Department during the Qajar era provided the opportunity to transform its diplomatic awareness resources and adapt to the administrative modernization of the institution by taking a step towards this cohesion. The sources of diplomatic awareness refer to the origin of knowledge in this field; the evolution of these sources is the problem of the present study. What are the sources of diplomatic awareness? And how was it during the Qajar era? It is a fundamental question that shapes the problem of the present study. Thus, the research hypothesis was adjusted as follows: The evolution of the sources of diplomatic awareness in Iran is a shift from acquiring oral awareness to education-based awareness. The evolution of the sources of knowledge in the Qajar period has a two-way relationship with the growth of the diplomatic institution, namely the change in the sources of consciousness has also led to the transformation of the institution; Empirical consciousness is also formed. In the period of the evolution of diplomatic organizations, we are witnessing the growth of empirical awareness and its steps towards education-based awareness. The present study deals with the evolution of this process through a descriptive-explanatory method.

From the beginning of the Islamic period to the seventh century, Tribe of Kuch (Qofs) played a pivotal role in Jiroft in the political, economic, military and cultural fields. During this period, the historical and geographical sources of Iran have paid special attention to the role of this people and their characteristics and introduced them as a violent and bandit people. For this reason, the present study has discussed the dominant theory of the Qofs people and by re-reading the reports of the sources of the first Islamic centuries, with a descriptive-analytical method and library books, seeks an answer to the question: why historical and geographical sources of the time often had a negative attitude towards violence and robbery towards the Kuch people? By studying the historical and geographical sources and testing the hypothesis that in the historical and geographical sources of the first Islamic centuries there is a one-sided and governmental view of society and Tribe of Kuch (Qofs), it was concluded that between two types of external and internal views of Tribe of Kuch (Qofs) made a distinction. The external view reflected in the sources considers the Kuch people to have characteristics such as rebellion, robbery and violence. This view of the Kuch people has been reflected in sources since the Ale-Buyeh era. From the second point of view, Kuch people can be examined from within their community and in empathetic ways. According to this view, Kuch people in the ethnic and racial debate had the characteristics of tribal life based on the spirit of individualism and independence and did not submit to obedience to governments. In addition, they did not pay taxes and were religiously at odds with the official and state religion. Hence, they were introduced by the opposition as a rebellious, violent and bandit ethnic group, and this attitude was reflected in the sources.

Isfahan, an ancient city in the center of the Iranian plateau, has had a thousand years of Islamic-Iranian urbanization. It has benefited from three prominent dynasties (Al-Buyeh, Seljuks, Safavid) Which peaked during the Safavid Era. One of the large features of urbanization during this period was the Isfahan “ urban economics" development which the various factors have contributed to its realization. In this research, the role of indicators of "urban economy" components such as 'population', 'transport infrastructure' and 'location', are examined. In this regard, the question is as to What factors influenced on these indicators and What role did these indicators play in the development of the Isfahan Urban Economy Organization? The current study is historical research that has been conducted by a descriptive-analytical method. The research results show that factors such as "population density", "development of transportation infrastructure" and "proper location of urban elements" have had a significant impact on the development of Isfahan's "urban economics".

Defending history has taken place as a factor and inactive. The defensive agent that is directly in front of the enemy and the defensive defense is a way to reduce the damage caused by wars in the cities and castles of different regions of Iran. Looking at the history of human civilization, it can be seen that the advent of early civilizations has been accompanied by war. South Khorasan (Qehistan) has been threatened by enemies because of its strategic location in the Middle East. It is necessary to pay attention to this issue and to pay attention to inactive defense policy and to identify its defense components. By studying and studying the Ismaili index in the southern Khorasan region, which can lead to the discovery of their sustainability code. And the pattern of them will lead to the creation of permanent buildings The result is not a single unit at the Ismaili-related level in this region (unity at the same plurality). This research, while defining the principles of inertial defense, examines how it is used in some South Khorasan tribes through descriptive-analytical method. The data collection tool of this research is based on library and field studies. The results of this research indicate the necessity of studying the use of inertial defense principles at the Ismaili-based index in the South Khorasan region.

The present study seeks to examine and explain the sectarian conflicts in the Seljuk era in a historical way based on historical documents and library resources, and to answer the question of what are the sectarian challenges and conflicts between them? What groups have emerged and what have been the consequences? In the city of Rey, on the one hand, the Sunni followers, with the support of the Seljuk rulers and ministers, were in the majority and priority, and opposed the Shiites from different groups and persecuted them, and on the contrary, the Shiite view and thinking of the Imams. And the Ismailis were present and were accused by the Seljuk sultans of Rafidi. Based on the findings, the expansion of jurisprudential and theological debates, the compilation of numerous books and treatises in proving or rejecting sectarian beliefs and views, the Mu'tazilite recession, and the spread of Sufism are among the most important consequences of these conflicts.

Edward Said in "Orientalism" explains the discursive features of Edward Said in "Orientalism" explains the discursive features of that part of science, which in the nineteenth century arose by scholars, travel writers, poets and novelists, a knowledge that practically does not regard the East as a community or a culture that It acts as a basis for itself, but as a reservoir for Western knowledge. This article, based on post-colonial views (with emphasis on Edward Saeed's views), uses the discourse analysis method to study travelogues describing the cultural geography of Kermanshah. The purpose of this research is to identify the Kermanshah, which has been introduced in the works of Orientalists. The findings indicate that the double layers of the Orientalist (in comparison with the central studies) dominate the writting, which is due to the specific cultural and geographic features of the region. key words: Post colonialism, Orientalism, Discourse, kermanshah.

During the Ilkhanid era, Iran was one of the centers for the expansion of Buddhism opinions, especially Vajrayana sect. This religion has been associated with Sufism and had some effects on it. In this article with descriptive and historical research method, we tried not only to examine the role of Buddhism in the Ilkhanid period, especially during the Arghoun Shah era, but also to study the interactions between Buddhism and Sufism, with emphasis on the personality of ʿ Ala al-DolehSemnani. Due to psychological problems, he left serving in Mongolian system and went toward isolation, worshiping and Sufism. During the collaboration with Arghoun, he was in contact withBuddhists and although he was a critic of some of their thoughts but he was under their influence. The result of this study shows that the effects of Buddhism on his works were negatively reflected, such as his opposition to the principle of reincarnation and criticism on the unity of Ibn Arabi, which could be the consequence of the consequences of Buddhists, but in the debate, the principle of which the original is obtained from the sources, but it may be influenced by the teachings of the seven in the kundalini.