Applied Psychology
Year:2021 | Volume:15 | Issue:1 (57)|Papers Count:7

Aim: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of academic enthusiasm– based educational program on self-defeating academic behaviors of Ivan’ s high school students. Method: The present research is methodologically one of the quasi-experimental designs of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of the research includes all high school students in Ivan city who were studying in the 201920 academic year. From this population, 30 students were selected using the random sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. Each group contains 15 people. The experimental group was trained in 10 sessions of 90 minutes based on academic enthusiasm. Members of both groups completed the Cunningham self-defeating behavior questionnaire in all three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow– up. Data were analyzed by mixed variance analysis. Result: The findings showed that the mean scores of academic self-defeating behaviors variable in the experimental group were significantly reduced compared with the control group in the posttest and follow-up stages. Conclusion: Therefore, academic enthusiasm– based educational program has been effective in reducing self-defeating academic behaviors of the students.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the multiple relationships of focus, post-processing and interpretation bias (related to yourself) with social anxiety in students in Isfahan. Methods: research method of the study was descriptive-correlational research design. The statistical population of the study was all of the university students of Isfahan in the 1396-1397 academic year. A sample of 237 students (96 men and 141 women) was randomly selected by simple cluster sampling among the universities in Isfahan. The participants were then asked to answer the questions of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire Kavner et al )2002), the Self-Focused Attention Questionnaire Woody, Cham bless & Glass )1997), the Post-Event Processing Questionnaire (PEPQ), the Revised Questionnaire of Butler et al. (1983). The descriptive statistics were used for descriptive analysis of data and the multiple regression and internal consistency were used to investigate the testing of the hypotheses. Results: The results indicated that the interpretation bias and post-event processing with 13. 4% of the variance could predict the social anxiety. interpretation bias (β =0/24, P<0/01) and post-event processing (β =0/14, P<0/05) They were able to predict social anxiety. Conclusions: Since postevent processing and interpretation bias can be related to social anxiety. Therefore, for predicting and treating students' social anxiety, the mentioned variables can also be targeted and students can be taught ways to deal with social anxiety.

Aim: The aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on distress tolerance, pain perception and interleukin 12 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and a three-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population included female patients with Relapsing– Remitting MS who had referred to Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Sina Hospital in 2019. 20 patients were selected by target-based sampling and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the ACT in 8 weekly sessions (90 minutes each session) and the control group was placed in the waiting list. Participants completed the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) Simons & Gahr (2005) and the West HavenYale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI) Kerns, Turk & Rudy (1985). Also, the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to measure interleukin-12. The data were analyzed using mixed varience repeated measure and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: The results showed that ACT increased distress tolerance and improved pain perception in posttest and follow-up (p<0. 001), but this intervention had no significant effect on interleukin-12. Conclusion: ACT can be a good treatment to improve the psychological factors of distress tolerance and pain perception in patients with MS, but not an appropriate treatment for reducing biomarkers such as interleukin 12 in these patients.

Aim: Young children's access to digital devices has increased significantly in recent years. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) use these devices extremely because of restricted and repetitive interests. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of digital devices with feeding and sleep problems in young children with ASD symptoms. Method: The present research was a cross-sectional study. 45 young children with ASD symptoms between 16 and 36 months were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a lifestyle checklist, the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS-2), and the Feeding Problem Inventory (FPI). Pearson correlation coefficient and enter regression were used to analyze the data. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis showed that children's use of digital devices had a significant relationship with sleeping late (p <05, r = 0. 30), limited food interests (p <05, r = 0 / 31), the mother's dissatisfaction with the child's feeding (p <05, r = 0. 32) and the total score of feeding problems (p <05, r = 0. 31) in young children and explain 0. 09, 0. 11, 0. 10 and 0. 13% of the changes related to the above variables, respectively. Conclusion: More use of digital devices by children with ASD symptoms is associated with the problems in late sleep and limited food interest diversity, maternal dissatisfaction with the child's feeding behavior and feeding problems in general. It seems necessary to provide interventions to manage the use of digital devices in children with autism spectrum disorders symptoms.

Aim: Family is the most important element of society that is necessary for the survival of society. Women's housekeeping and employment may affect life satisfaction and marital satisfaction, which are important factors in strengthening the family. Aim: The aim of this research was to study the life satisfaction and marital satisfaction of working and housewives. Method: In this study, a qualitative approach was used in a phenomenological way. For this purpose, using semi-structured interviews, lived experience of 13 employed women and 13 housewives who were selected heterogeneous and purposive sampling method. Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data. Results: From the analysis of the interviews, 34 codes were obtained. Employed and housewives in 8 experiences including relationship satisfaction with husband, spouse support role, life satisfaction, relationship satisfaction with main family (s), child satisfaction, planning to have a child, richer meaning of life by having a child were common to building a mutually constructive relationship; but They had different experiences in terms of time together, activity, adaptation, hedonism. Examination of lived experiences revealed passivity and hedonism for housewives and role-playing, lack of time with family, and lack of receiving attention for self-employed women. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the disadvantages of working for women are more than the disadvantages of being a housewife, so psychological interventions are necessary to improve negative employment experiences for working women and also to moderate hedonism and avoid passivity for housewives.

Aim: Mothers’ problematic internet use has been associated with suboptimal mother-child interactions and child behavioral problems. This study aimed to investigate the structural model of the relationship between mothers’ problematic Internet use and child behavioral problems with the mediating role of mother-child interaction. Method: The population was all mothers in Tehran in 2020. From this statistical population, a sample of 322 mothers was selected by using the purposive sampling method. The instruments used included the Problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2010), The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997), and Child-Parent Relationship Scale (Pianta, 1992). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. Results: The data analysis showed a significant inverse relationship between mothers’ problematic internet use with mother-child interaction and a positive and significant relationship with child behavioral problems. The structural equations modeling results showed that the model has a good fit and mother-child interaction played a mediating role in mothers’ problematic internet use and child behavioral problem. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is suggested that parents and psychotherapists with managing parents' use of the Internet during mother-child interactions and strengthening this interaction, improve behavioral problems in children. Thus, the foregoing variables could be attended in the familial, educational, and therapeutic domains.

Aim: Family is a natural social system that men and woman are its major subsystems inall of stages of its development and many factors such as communication patterns and identity styles play a role in their marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was theprediction marital satisfactionbased on communication patterns and identity styles. Method: The research design was a two-group diagnostic function. The statistical population consisted of all Married men and women are referred to counseling and psychological services related to counseling system Tehran city in year 2019. In this study, according to convenience sampling method, 480 people by formula Keramer were selected as samples. Sample research into scales were asked to Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire (EMSQ) of Olson and et al (1987), communication patterns questionnaire (CPQ) of Christensen & Sullaway (1984) and revised identity style inventory (RISI) of Berzonsky and et al (2013). For this purpose, 100 people with high marital satisfaction and 100 people with low marital satisfaction were selected and data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software, using discriminant analysis method. Results: The obtained data were analyzed by the discriminant analysis method. The results of analysis showed that brcommunication patterns and identity styles can help to prediction marital satisfaction and function discriminant analysis assigned 74 percent of the people with and without of marital satisfaction. Some factors, including communication patterns and identity styles were found to affect couples' marital satisfaction. Conclusion: It is recommended that therapists pay more attention to these factors in providing solutions to promote marital satisfaction.