JOURNAL OF SCIENCE (KHARAZMI UNIVERSITY)
Year:2013 | Volume:13 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Species of the genus Citrus grow in different parts of Fars province. The present study aimed at investigating the ontogeny of Citrus grandis pollen grains and petal secretory sacs. Flowers and blossoms were collected from the gardens located in Jahrome during the flowering period, fixed in FAA and stored in 70% ethanol. Samples were prepared and embedded in paraffin and sectioned using a rotary microtome. To examine petal secretory sacs, petals were placed in a glycerine-alcohol mixture, and sections were prepared for light microscopy using a sterilized razor blade. Results showed anthers with four pollen sacs. Cytokinesis appeared simultaneous, and the microspore tetrads were of a tetrahedral type. Pollen grains at a time of dispersal have two cells, containing four vegetative openings with reticulo-faveolate decorations. In the initial petals, three tissues were detected with tightly packed dividing cells. Throughout petal developmental stages, the rate of epidermal cell division was reduced, while parenchymal tissue differentiation was limited to an increase in cell dimensions, cell wall thickening and the intercellular space. In addition, the number and size of the vascular bundles increased during growth. The formation of petal secretory sacs is limited to the first stage of its development, while later in the development, this structure only increased in dimensions. In conclusion, based on our histological examinations, Citrus grandispetal secretory sacs change in a five stage process.

Copper and nickel are an essential micronutrient for plants, playing an important role in maintaining plants' natural metabolism and growth, but in excess both heavy metal are also a proven inhibitor of various physiological functions. In this study maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown in hydroponic culture were treated with CuSO4 (0, and 100 mm), NiSO4 (0,100 and 200 mm)and interaction of CuSO4 (100 mm)and NiSO4 (100 and 200 mm). After 1 mounth of treatment, growth parameters and some biochemical changes were studied in roots and shoots of plants. The results showed that with increasing Cu and Ni concentration, pigment contents (chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids), root and shoot length and dry weight were decreased, while k+ leakage, malondealdyde as indicator lipid of peroxidation and some antioxidant enzyme activity were increased. Also result showed that interaction of Cu and Ni has been cooperation effects on together and intensify each other's work.

For this purpose 5 sampling stations namely as Astara, Bandar Anzali, Hashtpar, Chaboksar and Bandar Kiashahr were selected along the shoreline of the southwest Caspian. The maximum density was observed in 3-15 m depth. Catch composition from different sampling sites approve this statement. 0.41%, 2.24%, and 2.59% out of total catch was starry goby that came from Bandar Anzali, Chaboksar and Astara sampling stations respectively. This species did not observe in the Hashtpar and Bandar Kiashahr sampling stations. According to the results mean total length was 61.28±16.14 mm and mean weight was 3.16±0.92 gr.

In order to understand some physiological mechanism of chilling and cold sensitivity in plants we investigate the effects of chilling and cold stress on chlorophyll and proline content, lipid peroxidation and variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of Arabidopsis (thaliana L.) The four weeks-old plants (WT, and four chilling sensitive mutants [chs 2-2], [chs 2-1], [chs 1-2] and [chs 1-1]) were subjected to two different low temperature treatments (control (23oC), chilling (13oC) and cold (4oC)), for one week. Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content changed significantly in all mutants except in WT by chilling stress (13oC), compared with control and 4oC treatments. Two out of four mutants, chs 1-1 and chs 1-2, had lowest chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm value among the tested genotypes. The proline content increased in all mutant genotypes, as well as in WT by chilling stress and 4oC, compared with control. MDA content of shoots changed dramatically in all mutant genotypes except in WT by chilling stress, compared with control and 4oC treatments. Our findings showed that two mutants, chs 1-1 and chs 1-2, have had highest chilling sensitivity among the tested genotypes and had the highest proline and MDA contents. It is possible that some damages in photosynthetic systems and/or in proline metabolism via mutation cause these plants more sensitive to chilling and cold stress.

During autumn and summer 2010 observed species from Amaranthus genus were studied in segetal and ruderal environments of Hamedan city. In this research, 100 plats randomly were selected and totally 6 species from Amaranthus were identified as neophyte wild elements: A. retroflexus L. A. lividus L., A. chlorostachys Willd, A. albus L., A. viridus L. and A. blitoides S. Watson. Dispersal of mentioned species in many segetal (such as farms and urban green spaces) and ruderal (such as wastelands, beside of walls and etc.) areas with remarkable dispersal, indicates suitable adaptation of this elements with antropogenic biotops. Among collected species, A. retroflexus L. with highest dispersal in farm lands and gardens, with H5 (a-euhemerob) hemeroby degree as a segetal plant and A. blitoides S. Watson.with H6 (Polyhemerob) hemeroby degree in pavings and asphalts clef, as a severely ruderal plant are introduced from Hamedan city. other observed species of this genus, with H4 (b-euhemerob) hemeroby degree more grow in beside of walls, gardens, urban green spaces and et.

Alkaloids are a large group of molecules with biological, physiological and chemical activities. Plants of the genus (Podophyllaceae) are the known sources of alkaloids. In the present study the amount of total alkaloids of tubers of from two different regions of Iran, Marivan - Sanandaj and of from Sanandaj -Naghadeh was determined by spectrophotometry, on the reaction of alkaloid with bromocresol green (BCG). Moreover, the effect of some characteristicts of the soil habitat such as, soil pH, total nitrogen, potassium, altitude, texture soil, and nitrate content of tubers on the amount from total alkaloids was measured. The results of data analysis showed the significant differences between total alkaloid content of Marivan (27.12±1.18 mg/g D.W) with Sanandaj (17.42±0.77 mg/g D.W) and of Sanandaj (15.38 ±0.65 mg/g D.W) with Naghadeh (7.4±0.32 mg/g D.W). Also there was a significant difference between the species in different regions other than of Sanandaj (17.42±0.77 mg/g D.W) with of Sanandaj (15.38±0.65 mg/g D.W). Furthermore, the results show that nitrate content of was higher than that of. The soil texture of Sanandaj (L. armeniaca) was loam sand and soil of the rest regions was clay loam. All of soils were mildly alkaline. Results from the effect of environmental factors on the total alkaloid content showed that with increasing amount of total nitrogen and potassium of soil and nitrate content, total alkaloids will be reduced, whereas pH, texture soil and altitude had not significant influence on total alkaloid contents.

The in-vitro culture of immature ovarian follicles is used to examine the factors that regulate follicle development and may ultimately provide options for reproductive infertility. Normal follicular development of an oocyte that is capable of fertilization and embryonic development depends upon a complex sequence of cellular interactions within the follicle. Honey Bee Venom (HBV) contains some biological active components which has been demonstrated it's promoting effect on ovulation up to 70% in rats. The aim of this research is study of the effect of HBV on in-vitro maturation of different type of preantral follicles. In this research, unmature follicles were taken from 14 day-old mice and cultured in a-minimal essential medium (a-MEM) and divided to small, medium and large preantral follicles and treated with 1mg/ml BV. Then diameter of follicle was measured until 4th days. Finally, morphological appearance of mature oocytes was studied. Studies of follicle diameters and flowcytometry showed HBV led to an increase in follicle diameters (p<0.001). Amount of GV was 53%(control group) and 31.4 (treatment group)that was significative (p<0.001). Developing up to meiosis I was 30% (control group) and 43.2% (treatment group) and developing up to meiosis II was 15% (control) and 22.3% (treatment group). In brief, we are confirmed that honey bee venom has led to significant changes in in-vitro maturation of preantral follicles and consequently, better performance for fertilization.