BAGH-E NAZAR
Year:2020 | Volume:16 | Issue:80|Papers Count:9

Problem statement: Lefebvre’ s space enters the social realm by departing from the infinite space of mathematicians and the mental space of philosophers. According to Lefebvre, this space is both produced and consumed and is in a sense, a kind of manufactured commodity as well as a consumable product. The overlapping of material production, the production of ideology and the production of meaning in one place and at a time are recognized as key elements of the production of social space that is reproduced in a trialectical rather than a dialectical process. The overlapping of Lefebvre’ s theory with the secondary circuit of capital accumulation claimed by Harvey has a profound effect on the concretization of capitalist function. The process of space production and reproduction in the second cycle of capital accumulation carries the products that most leftwing thinkers attribute to the reactionary ways of civilization. What is more important than the productions of capitalist space is the analysis of the process of production and reproduction of space in the second cycle, in which Harvey is known as a pioneer and main descriptor of Lefebvre’ s theories. Interpolation and analysis of Lefebvre and Harvey’ s theories on the critique of everyday life and how to escape the space of capital and the trialectic cycle are the main issues in this study. Research objectives: The main purpose of this study is to critique everyday life in a lived space filled with the domination of capital by analyzing the processes of space production and its products, based on the Lefebvre and Harvey intellectual apparatus and their theoretical commonalities. Research method: This is a fundamental research that is descriptive-analytical. The main issue has been explored using genuine reference sources and finally the critique of everyday life in the Lived Space. Conclusion: This research has been conducted based on the hypothesis that “ the everyday life of citizens in the Lived Space or the second cycle of capital accumulation implies citizens’ objectivity and passivity and consumerism” based on which we conclude that the capitalist space is moving with the proponents of the trialectical process towards the establishment of a passive (consumerist) citizen and the establishment of subject and object, whose effects also govern the Lived Space in addition to the urban space.

Problem statement: Belief in the feminine essence of existence and the primacy of the divine worship of feminine god has been accepted in most civilizations. According to Jung’ s viewpoints, this belief, which is an effective factor in artistic creativity, is institutionalized in the collective subconscious of humanity in the form of feminine archetypes (anima and mother), and is emerged as feminine codes in various artworks. Architecture is mixed with creativity and is a symbol of values and beliefs that sometimes emerge in a coded form and, according to Jung, it cannot be free from collective subconscious influence. An analysis of this impact can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the legacy of the architecture and its contributing factors. Research objective: This paper focuses on finding the feminine archetypes codes in historical architecture of Iran and to follow these codes, it is necessary to examine all scales of architecture from schema to decorations. This article focuses on schemas and will, therefore, only consider geometric codes and aims to answer to these questions that how can the impact of the collective subconscious on Iranian historical architecture be explained and how are the feminine archetypes reflected in these works? Research Method: This paper is based on descriptive-analytic method. Data have been collected based on documentary and library studies. Conclusion: The results of this study show that Iranian historical architecture represent feminine archetypes in different levels from schema to decorations. Mandala is a geometrical symbol that is related to feminine archetypes and is emerged in schemas, plans and decorative patterns in historical architecture of Iran.

Problem statement: In recent decades, the Iranian fashion industry, despite its historical background, has faced particular economic and social considerations that have faced many challenges. Accordingly, social institutions have sought to bring this art-industry into the field of creative industries through commercial, publicity and cultural activities and in turn have created a trend that will be reflected in the economic development of the Iran’ s cultural industries. Since exploring value changes in society is one of the key elements in the cultural system of any society, the main issue of the present research is to focus on cultural industries and accept the transformation in the value system of Iranian society to gain an understanding of the economic value of art-fashion industry and its dimensions and weaknesses, strengths and intensifiers. This has helped to organize the concept and position of the creative economy in this area through oversea interactions and the cultural process. Research objectives: The present article seeks to achieve a value-based process in intervening contextual factors and explaining the selective strategies of developing the cultural economy of Iranian fashion industry and answering the fundamental questions. What role can the fashion industry play in realizing the prospect of a Iran’ s cultural economy? How can the economic growth of art that is produced be shaped by changes in value systems? Research method: This research is qualitative, descriptive-analytical and data gathering is done through documentary sources and field findings were based on discourse analysis. Conclusion: The results suggest that combining art with creativity, knowledge management, up-to-date technology and business process reengineering will boost Iran’ s economic growth by inserting the moral economy into the fashion industry.

Problem statement: The communities in the historical cities of Iran commonly benefited from having neighborhoods and neighborly interactions which has faded away from the modern urban life and has caused serious social hazards. This paper is concerned with how the spatial arrangement of neighborhood complexes in historical cities, in contrast to modern cities, provided a basis for establishing close relations among neighbors. Research objectives: This article aims to define the neighborhood zones and analyze them in order to categorize the neighborhood spatial patterns as well as to clarify their architectural determinants and principles, and hence prevail this social behavior in the historic district of Yazd. Research method: To reach this objective, the Grounded Theory methodology is used. After identification and field investigation of various neighborhood zones in Yazd historic district, they were interpreted and analyzed through a theoretical sampling procedure. Most of the analytical approach was adopted through taking frequent photographs, drawing spatial diagrams and schematic plans, making graphic and written notes and then using sequential coding. Conclusion: The research results showed that with architectural solutions such as changing materials used for floors and walls (baseboards), covering spaces by putting roofs over them, creating split-level floors, opening up a possibility to sit temporarily, differing proportions, ornamenting and changing light and shadow, the three basic neighborhood patterns including entrance-, darband-and sabat-axis patterns have been formed in the semi-public spaces of this historic district. Such patterns with applying two principles of “ physical proximity” and “ spatial attributes” together with architectural determinants such as human-conformity, climatic comfort, privacy, territory and functional comfort and security in passageways by increasing public presence had a chief influence on establishing neighborly relations.

Problem statement: Reason is one of the key themes of Ferdowsi’ s thought in “ Shahnameh” . In his reason praising thought in addition to his individual and social tendencies he has also paid attention to the doctrines of Mazdaism and Islamic culture and praised reason in view of its various aspects whether in general rational sense or in the sense of reason as the source of wisdom. The stories of Shahnameh have been a suitable context for promotion of this theme, on the one hand, and on the other hand, in different eras they have served as one of the most important sources of motivation for formation of miniatures by the painters. One of these stories is that of “ Tahmina Comes into Rustam’ s Chamber” which has been portrayed under this same title in different painting schools. The central problem of the current essay is the depiction of the visual rendition of this key themes in this work. Research objective: In this essay, we intend to study the theme of reason and express its types in the thought of Ferdowsi and how the miniaturist adopts certain visual measures to provide a pictorial expression of this theme in the miniature of “ Tahmina Comes into Rustam’ s Chamber ” . Research methodology: In the present essay, we have used the method of case study in order to first describe the miniature of “ Tahmina Comes into Rustam’ s Chamber” from formal point of view and then provide an analysis of the concepts hidden behind the visible elements centered around the theme of reason; to this end, the data have been gathered using two from written documents and through observation. Conclusion: Reflection on the concepts hidden in the visual elements of the miniature of “ Tahmina Comes into Rustam’ s Chamber” shows that the miniaturist of this work has been familiar with the theme of reason under the influence of Ferdowsi and his efforts towards the expression and visual rendition of it in the process of designing and visualization of the miniature have all been informed by this very theme; thus, this miniature includes the reflection of reason in both form and content dimensions. Moreover, such issues as the spatial situation of the main characters, images and ornaments, color scheme and quantitative presence of number three have made the realization of this possible.

Problem Statement: Interviews with the practitioners of the “ Iran Engineering and Executive System (IEES)” indicate that there is a contradiction between the ethical judgments and practices of the Engineering Consulting Firms (ECF). Although the majority of firms consider ethical practices as a major goal, despite the individual differences of the board of directors and organizational differences of the firms, many of their decisions and practices are not according to ethical values such as honesty and respecting the interests of all stakeholders. In the literature, such issues are studied in the field of ethical decision-making. It seems that the existing ethical decision-making theories and models have neglected the influence of meta-organizational factors (MOFs) on the ethical decisions and practices of organizations, and the lack of a clear theoretical framework for explaining the ethical practices of organizations at the system level, that requires attention to meta-organization factors, is evident in the literature. Research Objectives: Due to the literature gap to explain the research problem, the identification of MOFs affecting the ethical practice and decision-making of ECFs has been considered as the research goal. Research Method: Considering that there is not a clear theoretical framework in the literature to analyze the research problem, the qualitative research method and Grounded Theory methodology of Strauss and Carbine have been used. Conclusion: “ Imposing Double Pressure on ECFs” has led to the emergence of the phenomenon of “ Ethical Yield Stress” , which is a major contributor to the conflict between judgments and ethical practices of ECFs. On the other hand, MOFs such as “ Inefficiency of Public Executive Agencies” and “ Inefficiency of the IEES” have provided the contextual conditions of adopting unethical action-interaction strategies by the ECFs in the IEES.