JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY AND URBAN SPACE DEVELOPMENT
Year:2018 | Volume:5 | Issue:1 (8)|Papers Count:17

1. Introduction One of the impacts of modernism during the past few decades was the development of wider streets and the dominance of vehicles. This has caused streets to lose their function as an environment where social interactions occur. Lack of pedestrian-oriented open spaces as well as the low quality of such places in cities have decreased social interactions. Footpaths are for the presence of citizens and their participation in social life. Cities are the environments to which people are mostly linked. Aesthetics and symmetry are regarded as important criteria of a healthy and comforting city. In this regard, the role of footpaths are very influential, since these routes are considered as one of the major criteria for development and competition among cities Regarding tourist attraction and economic prosperity; thus, greater attention should be paid to the creation and development of this part of urban spaces This urban space due to four outstanding features of interest in planning issues that include: the presence of leisure space, Time to use space, economic matters, and activities...

1. Introduction The expansion of poverty caused by the global capitalist mechanism, which in Iran has majorly appeared in the form of governmental capitalism, has led to the formation of an official/unofficial duality across various economic dimensions as well as urban areas. Physical representations of urban poverty under different terms such as marginalization, slum dwelling, unofficial residency, and spontaneous settlement have always been compiled through the outlook of planning and analysis management, according to the interpretation of various plans to confront this issue; nevertheless, the dimensions of the problem have been expanded, partly due to the inefficiency of the discourse used by groups that are involved in organizing this phenomenon...

1. Introduction Essentially, when destination/place marketers employ a similar, yet simple strategy, they may underestimate the issues related to the establishment and formation of place branding; meanwhile, places and locations are faced with a broad range of target groups whose understanding of the place are completely different, mostly shaped by stereotypical imaginations and cliché s. Nevertheless, residents are of a deeper awareness on the place, which is contrary to the simple messages, they use to introduce the place. Simplified messages lead to weaker identification and improper behavior (negative word-of-mouth advertising) of residents against tourists. The present study seeks to identify the positive results of place identification and how this very concept along with word-of-mouth advertising could be improved through brand complexity...

1. Introduction Urban populations throughout the world have grown following the industrial revolution. Population growth alongside the intensive development of cities during the past few decades have resulted in numerous issues such as dissociation between the city and nature, air and noise pollution, and traffic. Today, it is expressed that one of the necessities for compact cities is to bring nature in urban areas so as to reduce mental pressures as well as pollutions, which is called biophilic urban planning (Ziari, Zargham Fard, & Khademi, 2016). As an important principle for the design and planning of constructions, biophilic urban planning includes a set of natural design features, which are able to respond to various urban problems such as climate change, population growth, restricted resources, and humans’ inherent need to communicate with nature (Newman, Hargrous, & Desha, 2012)...

1. Introduction Travel agencies are an indispensable part of the tourism industry and act as the distribution canal of this industry. These offices (travel agencies) are, in fact, a medium through which consumers and producers are connected and they are considered as one of five major sections of tourism, as well as influential elements in the evolution of this industry. The activities of travel agencies regarding destinations, attractions, transportation, residency, and recreation could affect the extent of tourists’ satisfaction toward travel and the level of demand. In truth, travel agencies play the role of retailers within the industry of tourism. In this regard, they are considered as the final linking point throughout the process of consuming the industry’ s products, receiving several services...

1. Introduction A city is a dynamic, alive and vibrant entity, rooted in history and nature. The starting point of every city, is the central and historical core, in which the body of the city gradually develops. However, since the beginning of the 20th century, in many cities of the world, the rapid growth of urban constituents in new regions and suburbs has been at the cost of the downfall and decline of their central part. This situation in the central part of the cities has caused physical burnout, decline and then the deterioration of the structure of the neighborhood structure, the migration of the indigenous and original population. This has consequently resulted in the drop of the central urban segment, the drop of environmental quality, inefficiency of urban infrastructures and degradation of social life that has led to the spread of urban instability in the central parts of the cities...

1. Introduction Nowadays, the importance and role of energy in the life and development of communities are more evident than ever and at the same time, sources and types of energy used by humans exposed to serious changes. Energy problem in our country is not worthy of attention and the government explicit and implicit subsidies always has unaware us of the real value of energy in its various form. However, the growth rate of domestic consumption of energy is to some extent that the present petroleum resources development process, perhaps over the last few years and the other half are not able to export oil. However, more than a third of country energy consumption is also dedicated to the construction sector and heating and cooling systems, are the largest consumers of energy in buildings. Potential relationships between household energy consumption and its impact on urban form, in terms of residential density pattern, urban elements locating, other cases are seen...

1. Introduction Nowadays, cities across the world are witnessing the global phenomenon of urbanization. According to estimations, 60% of people in the world will be living in cities by 2045 (World Bank, 2018). As a consequence, cities are faced with numerous challenges such as increasing immigration to cities, exhaustion of urban infrastructure, and environmental problems such as pollutions, influencing the health of both cities and their citizens. Subsequently, urban spaces have been filled with traffic, tension and stress, putting the lives of citizens at risk to the extent to which the medical field can no longer guarantee the health of citizens. Therefore, healthy cities are required so as to restore the citizens’ health...

The word vulnerability conveys different meanings and interpretations for different people and has been used in various areas by various groups such as researchers of accidents, the society of global environmental change researchers and also research groups in the field of food security, development, and poverty (Birkmann & Wisner, 2006). Even in the area of scientific literature related to disaster risk, the vulnerability has different connotations depending on the researcher's orientation and perspective. According to Birkmann (2006), in the current literature on vulnerability, there are two different methods to systematize the concept of vulnerability. Here some definitions are presented. (Cutter, 1996):  Vulnerability means a threat to which people are exposed (Cutter, 1996)...

1. Introduction City dwelling has caused a lot of social, financial, and other sorts of problems for developing countries recently. Therefore, paying attention to the concept of citizens’ safety and planning approaches in order to provide the mentioned safety has turned out to be one of the major priorities of city authorities. As urban spaces have the most communication with people and their living areas, they can play a significant role in citizens’ identification and calmness. So that it is necessary to predict solutions in the planning of urban spaces which provide the safety of citizens in urban districts. The purpose of this study is to design suitable and future-oriented programs for the transformation of the historical fabric into a secure space in order to be more successful in attracting tourists...

1. Introduction Many new Towns are located and designed to attract the overflow crowd of larger cities. The new town must include all the necessary facilities with proper planning and design. Known as one of the most important elements of identity, city center is an area for urban activities, presence, and interactions among people, and thus the appropriate design of city centers and urban spaces is an important issue. In this realm, providing urban design guidance documents for city centers becomes essential. Preparation of "city center urban design framework" document aims at providing high-quality city centers and thus can affect the whole city. The Iranian new town of Golbahar is located in Khorasan Razavi province, 35 km northwest of Mashhad. The main goal of the creation of Golbahar new town was to create a central place to attract Mashhad’ s population overflow. Due to its potentials, the new town of Golbahar is able to play a special role in the periphery of Mashhad...

1. Introduction Given the sectional and focused approach (top down) of the Iranian planning system and the absolute domination of the central government’ s policies, city development strategies have attracted the attention of scientific communities as a participatory approach. First presented by the city coalition organization in 1999, the new approach of city development strategy is based on four indices including good governance, competitiveness, livability, and being based on banks. In the area of urban policies, the planning system for Kermanshah metropolitan area still entails conventional thoughts based on comprehensive plans at local levels as well as the Islamic Republic of Iran’ s 2025 vision, national documents for the development of Kermanshah province, the basic theory for the development of Kermanshah province, and five-year development plans as upper schemes at local and national levels, all of which have a main feature, that is, being centralized. Consequently, it is essential more than ever to change conventional urban approaches and employ newer, more efficient methods such as city development strategies (CDS), so as to alter the current process of development in Kermanshah city...

1. Introduction The specialization of occupations, diversity in land use, alteration of land application patterns, and spatial dispersion of activities as well as the increase in the number of daily trips have affected the range of trips or various applications’ sphere of influence; in such a situation, individuals need to travel long distances, particularly via personal automobiles (Ghadami, 2012). Studies by urban planners in this regard show the impact of urban development structure and pattern on exacerbating dependency on vehicles such as automobiles. In other words, any spatial shape or structure could support different transportation pattern in cities...

1. Introduction An examination of the population of Mashhad city during the years 1986-2011 shows a population decline in the central region and population growth in the margins. The case of existing population and occupations can be explained by the concept of urban decay. The main problem investigated in the present study is that, contrary to this general process, Isar district has been successfully renovated and developed in a region, which faces urban decay. Subsequently, the main subject of the study is to examine the role of economic elites in such a development. It is an important experience due to relatively successful pattern documentation and expansion of the literature on the revival of unorganized urban textures, development based on the private sector, public-private cooperation, and good urban governance...