TAHQIQAT-E TARIKH-E EJTEMAI (SOCIAL HISTORY STUDIES)
Year:2020 | Volume:9 | Issue:2|Papers Count:13

The five human senses are one of the most important study data in the social history of the senses. and among them, the taste for its deep intertwining with the diverse cultures of different societies has emerged in a variety of ways, making food and cooking in different social classes dependent on different customs and traditions. Social photographs have the potential to serve as a evidence to this claim and to reveal tastes based on social structures and contexts, ideology, and social relationships. Cultural and social historians call the cohesive set of tastes "spirit of food" that dominates all tastes of a human population. The main question, is how to achieve the 'spirit of food' characteristic of a social class through the refinement of the sense of taste in everyday photographs? It is assumed that social photos, especially those called snapshots, have strong visual information about the types of tastes in different social cultures and classes. By studying them based on the social history of the senses, it can be used as a model in photograph analysis based on the sense of taste. As a result, social photos capture the different qualities of the "food spirit" across different social classes. At the bottom of the class pyramid, people pay more attention to food and its fullness; in the urban middle class, attention is to health, enjoyment of dormitories, and social desirability; Objectively presented in the photographs.

In the Parthian era, the lords and nobles were the most influential persons in the government. They enjoyed certain privileges in the court and were the members of council of nobles or royal associations where they often made selection and dismissal of the kings. While in the early years of Parthian empire, the kings had been supported by the lords and nobles and power was absolutely stronger than that of noble and high-ranking people, they gained more power as the Parthian domains were expanding new territories were conquered. The influence of increasingly empowered nobles was obviously revealed when the Parthian government was collapsing and the nobles begun to appoint or remove the kings. The substantial question of this study is that what the role had the Parthian’ s nobilities played in dismissal and appointment of kings from the beginning of Parthian ruling ( 247. A. C) by the end of Artabanus II (3-11 / 10 c)’ s rule? This essay shows that in that moment of history king was in power. But when the government was in weakness, it prepared the ground for nobilities and council associations to get involve in dismissal and appointment of kings. This study, by using descriptive – analytical method and various sources, will deal with the role of nobilities in selecting the Parthian’ s kings from early ruling up to death of Artabanus II.

Multitude of historians in Iran neglected of political life of the masses. The public that lived under autocratic goverments use popular culture for criticism of domination. Proverbs are prevalent litrary format in folk culture. We can understand the political life of the people by study the proverbs that reviewed domination. In this research we effort to reply these questions that which levels of political behaviors of the masses created these proverbs and which of the sections of official transcripts of government were challenged in these proverbs? The research assumption is the masses use these proverbs for reaction to domination in three levels: obedience and confirmation of power, criticism in private circles and present governors. These proverbs rejected the claims of rulers about their inherent superiority, their authority and their justice. The theoretical framework of this research is based on” Hidden Transcripts” theory by James. C Scott who explained political life of the masses and classificated their reactions to domination in different levels.

Inheritance payment was one of the major problem in the Qajar era, Because a large portion of the government's budget was spent on lucrative payments, some of which were inherited to the taxpayers and they did not serve the government in return for the benefits. Payment of this type of obligation referred to in the sources of the Qajar era as Mavajeb-e Morousi, Hoghough-e Motevafa, Mostamare or Vazifeh obligations. From the beginning of the Qajar rule to the end of the reign of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, It was based on a simple instruction that would be changed according to the views and policies of the King or Chancellor. After the Constitutional Period, Parliament and Government Required to Reform Mechanisms of Inheritance Payment And in 132, the 10th law was adopted and passed. The main problem of this study is to investigate the necessity of reforming the mechanism of payment of inheritance and the performance of government and parliament in this area after the establishment of the constitutional system. The findings show that failure to comply with the guidelines for payment of inheritance obligations and numerous violations of its traditional mechanism on the one hand and the costs that this lifelong incurs on the other hand led the government to fund substantial reforms after the constitutional victory. Although the reforms were designed to prevent the government from wasting money, the bankruptcy of the bank raised many problems for the government and taxpayers and diminished the positive effects of these reforms.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework for studying the political-social history of States in the Iran. In this paper, the main indicators of the ambition of State in Iran have been investigated. In other words, the paper intends to present the theory of the "ambitious States” as an alternative approach to explaining the most important events of the social-political history of Iran. Historical sources of library data have been investigated to provide “ ambitious analysis". In the historical method of ambitious analysis, ambitious indicators are determined in several stages based on the continuous comparison of common characteristics. The results indicate that ambition creates a special political-social condition for influencing and encouraging and the role of the State in creating it is noticeable. In an ambitious political system, the divine and political laws of society are regulated only in order to the growing and development of the ambition. By regulating laws in the direction of ambitious growth, the share of State tax is reduced year by year and the assets of an ambitious minority are added. When the wealth of the State becomes empty, discrimination, rents and corruption appear. The monopolistic ambitious State and the circle represent the symbol of monopolyism and ambition. The main criteria for recognizing the ambition of the State are: distributive economics, distributive justice, monopolyism, support for unproductive workforce, religion and politics unity, a dysfunctional State and regulation, and so on. Outcome of the ambitious State is discrimination, bribe, rent, corruption and revolution.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when the Iranian government turned to European powers for the development of the country, the influence of these powers in Iran grew more and more. One of the most famous ways of these powers in increasing influence was to support religious minorities and expand missionary activity. Following this widespread relationship with Europeans, the government launched a modern and westernized reformist program that paved the way for significant social change in Iran. In this regard, the Iranian Jews, by utilizing the international situation and affecting the internal situation, took effective steps to develop their social life. In the other side, The Qajar government under pressure of European powers and Judaist world organizations agreed with significant changes in the lives of Jews in Iran. The establishment of new educational institutions and granting new social opportunities and privileges have greatly improved the situation of the Jews. The article seeks to find the answer to this question how the social life of the Jews during the period from 1264 to 1324AH and under these newly international and domestic conditions was improved. The hypothesis of the article is that the Jews, with the help of Judaist world institutions and European powers, urged the Qajar government to provide more opportunities for improving their social life in different fields.

Coinciding with the spread and influence of secrets with the advent of Christianity in Europe, they caused strife between them, and eventually Christianity was able to overcome Mitra worship and capture many of its teachings. Accordingly, we must trace the roots of Christianity in the worldview of Mithraism. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of Christianity on Mitra worship and their similarities and beliefs. The main question in this study: "What are the social implications of Christian society for how Christianity was influenced by Mithraism and how was it able to demonstrate itself? " It has Mitraism. ” This research is based on the purpose of fundamental research and on the nature and method of descriptive-analytical research. The method of gathering information in this research is documentary method, on the basis of which all historical sources and evidence will be studied and captured. The results were an adaptation of Mithraicism's beliefs, including that of Christian clergymen, in attracting Mitraic traditions and beliefs and converting them to Christianity. These influences are clearly evident in many of the foundations of Christianity, such as baptism and the Last Supper.

Abstract In the Sasanid era, Zoroastrianism played a remarkable in legitimizing to the Sasanid regime. This problem has shown itself in expanding scope of effect and religious feedback in different time. In this way the legal issues over showed other field consequently. In the meantime, women's juridical like guardianship impress based on Matikan Hazar Dadestan's book that important juridical text it is from this period. This search is according to analytical method following responsiveness what was the effect on women 'topic especially in guardianship topic? By investigation ruling of women's guardianship, we found out that women could to come to a position of guardianship in the family and the property's management in society, first with the ability to give birth and in the following with merit. Research findings expresses right situation of guardian in this age expressive their presence in different arena of economic and juridical, that way women could to get better like their salaries.

The first Pahlavi government's attempt to change the social and cultural status of women in the individual and social sphere brought attention to women's sport. The Ettela’ at Newspaper, which as a government-affiliated body, played a significant role in advancing Pahlavi's cultural and social programs, also addressed the issue of women's entry into the sport, and throughout the first Pahlavi period encouraged Women tried exercise. This article seeks to answer the question of how the Ettela’ at Newspaper tried to promote women's sport in traditional Iranian society in the period of the Pahlavi I. The findings of the research show that the Ettela’ at Newspaper during Reza Shah period, had a significant role in publicizing women's sport in the society by articles on the benefits of sport for women and reporting the women's cultural and sport events and activities in Iran and around the world. The most important topics the newspaper focused on in women's sports were: Changing society's attitude towards women's sport, emphasizing the importance of sport as a major factor in health, emphasizing the increasing impact of sport on Facial Beauty and fitness, emphasizing sport education by introducing appropriate sports and training them.

during the first Pahlavi period has been studied. Although the experience of transition from traditional medicine to the modern concept of medicine and health during the Qajar era, the objective manifestations of this transformation in the Kurdish regions were delayed by two decades. During the First World War and the arrival of hostile forces on the western pages of Iran, the first modern medical centers were established, and later in the following years, and especially during the second decade of Reza Shah's rule, it became more objective with the establishment of hospitals and modern methods of combating diseases. Considering the fundamental changes and changes in healthcare during the study period, this research is based on the unpublished archival documents, newspapers and. . . The trend of the changes and health measures of the Kurdish regions during the period considered. The results of the research indicate that the centers, pharmacies, pharmacies and modern methods of infectious diseases are gradually becoming established. Nevertheless, in the course of the study, traditional medical practitioners and traditional drug dealers continued to survive, especially in small towns and rural areas, with no serious challenge.

This study addressed an aspect of Iranian social culture, which subjected to modernization during the early Pahlavî period. Due to modernizing policies and introduction of western cultural discourses, traditional approaches to the social life of children changed in favor of restoration of their social rights. A group of Iranian women who welcomed the modernist ideas about the children made some successful attempts to propagate these ideas in their journals. Their main purpose was to formulate a new concept of childhood, which contain the characteristics of modernity in relation to children's social rights. By focusing on the women journalism of the early Pahlavî period, this paper aims to shed new lights on the contribution of these Iranian women journalist to the introduction of new concept of childhood and modern discourses on this matter. Central to this study is the approach of these modernist women to the problems of young girls and their attempts to restore their social situation as children. The results show that this group of Iranian women and their modernist journalism played a crucial role in changing the traditional concepts of childhood in favor of introduction new ones