Yafteh
Year:2021 | Volume:23 | Issue:2 (87)|Papers Count:14

Background: One of the public health challenges in the worldwide is diabetes, and adherence to treatment is crucial. Adherence to treatment can help reduce the complications of the disease. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the status of adherence to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes in Khorramabad. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 392 men and women with type 2 diabetes referred to comprehensive health centers in Khorramabad between May and August 2016 were studied. Demographic questionnaire and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) were used to collect data. Version 22 SPSS and descriptive analysis were used to analyze the data. Significance level in the present study was less than 0. 05. Descriptive tests, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test were used. Results: The mean age of study participants was 56. 03 ± 10. 91. 68. 9% (270 people) were women and 31/1% (122 people) were men. According to the score obtained from the Morisky questionnaire, a total of 219 patients (55/9%) followed the desired treatment and 173 (44/1%) followed the unfavorable treatment. There was a significant relationship between patients' adherence to treatment with the variables of gender, marital status, educational status, and their monthly income. No statistically significant between age and employment status with adherence to treatment were observed. Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that adherence to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes in Khorramabad is in a good level. Health policy makers should strive to ensure that all patients adhere to their treatment process with easy access to services and reduced costs.

Background: Physical exercise in certain conditions can cause over-training syndrome in individuals, which is associated with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses by cytokines. The balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines can indicate the strength of the immune system against pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of honey solution on the balance consumption of interferon-gamma and interleukin4. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study has been performed by pre-test-post-test with two groups of placebo and honey syrup. For investigation, 70 individuals from the available population, including military graduates, have been examined using an over-training psychological questionnaire and finally, using blood markers (cortisol and testosterone), an over-training test of 38 people with age range of (75/1± 75/20) years, and body mass index of (19/4± 1/7 kg/m2) have been selected and randomly divided into two groups of 19 individuals: placebo and honey syrup. In order to measure serum levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, before and after 6 weeks of consuming honey solution, 5 cc of blood has been taken from the arm vein and measured by ELISA. Results: The changes in cytokines levels have been investigated using the independent t-test in the SPSS software version 22. Following the use of honey syrup, compared with the placebo group, an increase in interferon-gamma levels and a decrease in interleukin-4 have been observed, which was a significant difference (P <0. 05). Conclusion: 6 weeks consumption of honey syrup promoted the balance of interferon-gamma and interleukin cytokines to reduce the side effects of over-training on the immune system.

Background: Nowadays opium addiction is most important problem in most countries. There are some false beliefs about role of opium in prevention and control of heart disease in society, thus suggestion about opium usage is common in this regard. This review is written based on studies that were performed about relation between opium addiction and heart disease. Materials and Methods: In this review study, relevant articles indexed in Information Sciences Institute, PubMed, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, SID, PubMed and Scopus were used to search between 1980 and 2017, with further emphasis on those indexed from 2008 to 2019. We used these keywords to search: opium addiction, lipid peroxidation, blood sugar, blood fat, atherosclerosis, infarct size, arrhythmia and heart disease done in people opium addiction. Results: Data showed the relation between opium addiction and lipid peroxidation, blood sugar, infarct size, arrhythmia and Malondialdehyde index. Different effects have been observed in different studies. This difference may be due to the effect of anesthesia, the dose of the drug, the site of action in the brain, respiratory changes, and the characteristics of the receptors. Conclusion: Opium addiction associated with different effects on blood sugar, blood fat, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, infarct size, arrhythmia and heart disease.

Background: The role of tumor suppressor genes in the development of prostate cancer is well known. Decrease or lack of expression of these genes causes the tumor to spread through metastasis to other tissues of the body. Since nettle has anti-cancer effects, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of nettle stem and root on the expression changes of PTEN, MAGI-2 and SMAD-2 genes in mouse prostate induced tumor. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, hydroalcoholic extract of nettle was prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. The mice were injected subcutaneously for 28 days after injection of DMBA carcinoma with doses of 75 and 250 mg/kg, respectively. Also, the control group received no drug and the sham group received only the extract. The expression changes of the target genes were analyzed by Real Time PCR and the results were analyzed statistically. Results: The results showed that PTEN gene expression was increased in treatment with 250 root extract compared to day 14 turmeric. Expression of MAGI-2 gene was increased in treatment with root extract of 75 dose on day 28 compared to day 28 tumor. Evaluation of SMAD-2 gene expression showed that expression of this gene in treatment group with 250 root extract increased on day 21 compared to day 21 tumor. Conclusion: According to studies on PTEN, MAGI-2 and SMAD-2 have revealed that inactivation of these three genes is considered a risk for cancer progression.

Background: Diagnosis of cancer is a traumatic experience. But cancer patients may have some positive experiences that are called post traumatic growth (PTG). The aim of this study was to determine the rate of post-traumatic growth in cancer patients and its relationship with social support and hope. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive correlational study was conducted during May-August 2018 in Shiraz, Iran. Population included of 112 all adult patients with gastrointestinal cancer who referred to medical centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Data collection instruments included a demographic information form, post-traumatic growth inventory, social support appraisals scale, and Miller hope scale. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23. 0). P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Analytical data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, sample t test, one-way analysis of variance independent and multiple regression analysis. In the case of non-normal distribution, the equivalent nonparametric analysis was used. Results: The mean score (SD)for PTG was 81. 37(15. 64)which is considered as high level. The mean score (SD) for hope, and SS was 195. 20 (24. 92), and 97. 39 (11. 37), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between PTG and both hope (r=0. 687, P˂ 0. 05) and SS (r=0. 636, P˂ 0. 05). The results of the multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between PTG, SS, and hope (P˂ 0. 05). According to multiple regression analysis hope had a higher effect on PTG (ẞ =0. 613) compared to SS (ẞ =0. 192). Conclusion: The results showed a good level of PTG among the cancer patients. Regarding the association between PTG with the perceived SS and hope, health care providers can help their patient by hope instillation and providing social support.

Background: Carpentry is one of the most important industries in Iran, where many people are employed. The aim of this study was to investigate spirometric indices and respiratory symptoms among carpentry, paint and office workers in wood factory in 2019. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional case-control study. Population included of 100 people (70 exposed and 30 non-exposed). Demographic information of individuals was assessed by clinical questionnaire and pulmonary function tests including 1FEV, FVC, FEV1 / FVC in workers. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Chi-Square Test. Results: The average of respirable wood dust for factory workers were 4. 49 2 2. 01 in terms of mg / m3, which was shown in comparison with the standard (1TLV: ). Also, all respiratory symptoms including cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and wheezing were higher in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group. (P≤ 0/05) The highest and lowest percentages of people in the carpentry profession, in terms of testing spirometric indices with spirometry pattern were mildly restrictive (Mild) and severe, respectively. Conclusion: Exposure to wood dust as a factor determines the prevalence of symptoms of respiratory disorders and decreased lung capacity. Wood dust can reduce lung volumes and cause respiratory problems in wood industry workers.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a subset of small regulatory RNAs that are expressed by almost all metazoans and protozoans. They express genes either by direct cleavage or by suppressing the translation of target mRNAs by partial complementary base pairing. The active and functional unit of miRNA is a complex of Argonaute proteins known as microRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC). They are known to regulate various growth and physiological processes. Irregular expression of miRNA in human cells is associated with a variety of disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular dysfunction, liver damage, immune dysfunction, metabolic syndromes, and pathogenic infections. A growing number of studies have shown that miRNAs are in fact a major component of host interactions and pathogens and play an important role in host immune responses to microorganisms. Emerging miRNAs are recognized as important tools for the genetic study, therapeutic development, and diagnosis of human pathogenic infections caused by various pathogenic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Many pathogens use the host miRNA system for their own benefits, including pathogenesis, survival within the host cell, and crossing some host immune barriers. Other pathogens express their miRNA within the host and contribute to their replication, survival, or delay. This article aims to review the role and importance of miRNA in relation to some important parasitic diseases.

Background: The gastrointestinal tract, as one of the most important organs of the body, has its own diseases that involved many people. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the effectiveness acceptance and commitment therapy based on cognitive-emotional regulation and cognitive flexibility among gastrointestinal patients. Materials and Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group was unbalanced and the statistical population of this study was all gastrointestinal patients in Sari who referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2020 and its sample included 30 people (15 people for the experimental group and 15 people for the control group), who were selected using the available sampling method. Then, the members of the experimental group were treated for 8 sessions based on acceptance and commitment and the control group did not receive any treatment. Research instruments included the Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Garnowski et al, 2001) and Cognitive Flexibility (Dena and Venedrwal, 2010). And the statistical method of this research was multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results of multivariable covariance analysis showed that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective on cognitive-emotional regulation and cognitive flexibility and significantly improved cognitive-emotional regulation and cognitive flexibility in gastrointestinal patients. Conclusion: According to the research findings, acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an effective method to promote cognitive-emotional regulation and cognitive flexibility in gastrointestinal patients.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of high frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment (20 Hz) on auditory hallucinations, inner speech and working memory in schizophrenic patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a pretest-posttest experimental design with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all schizophrenic patients referring to the outpatient department of Imam Hossein hospital in 2019, 12 of whom were selected by available sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria then were assigned randomly into two groups of 6 each. High frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (r TMS) treatment (20 Hz) was used for experimental group but the control group received no intervention during the study. The instruments were the positive and negative syndrome scale in schizophrenia, the inner speech questionnaire, and the Daneman and Carpenter working memory questionnaire before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, and one-way covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between experimental and control group (p<0. 005). The rate of auditory hallucinations and inner speech significantly decreased in comparison with pretest and control group, but the rate of active memory increased. Conclusion: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (r TMS) treatment (20 Hz) significantly reduced auditory hallucinations, inner speech and improved active memory.

Zeolites are high-porous active crystalline biomaterials. Recently many studies have been done on their antibacterial properties especially on zeolites exchanged with metallic cations. In this paper, we investigate the effective factors on the antimicrobial activity of natural and synthetic zeolites exchanged with silver, zinc, copper nickel, and bromide cations. This study reviews the published articles on the antibacterial properties of the natural and synthetic pure zeolites as well as the ion exchange ones. The results of our investigation show that ion exchange zeolites exhibit a very good antibacterial effects even in comparison with other conventional antibacterial materials. The strongest antibacterial activity was reported in silver exchanged zeolites against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli with MIC of 16 μ g/ml. According to the results reported derived from different articles, it can be concluded that zeolites with biocompatibility and high ion exchange capacity can be used as efficient antibacterial materials. Pure zeolites have antibacterial activity at high concentrations, whereas all synthetic and natural zeolites exchanged with metal cations investigated in this paper exhibit good antibacterial activity at very low concentrations generally due to sustained and prolong release of metal cations.

Background: The disease (COVID-2019) caused by (SARS-CoV-2) spread around the world. The new virus is a member of the Coronaviridae family and has been detected in various birds and mammals. The Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 disease varies from asymptomatic infection to severe and often fatal disease. Immune responses against this SARS-CoV-2 are initiated by the innate immune system by the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. After that acquired immune responses begin, including cellular and hemoral immunity, are activated. The persistence of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has not been determined precisely. There is a strong correlation between the neutralization antibody titer and the number of virus-specific T cells. The findings also show that both B and T cells participate in Immunological protection against viral infection. Understanding the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 in human host cells and its effect on the immune system can help to better understand the nature and pathogenesis of the virus. Furthermore, understanding the complexity of the function of immune system against the virus is necessary to developing new treatment protocols. However, there is a lot of controversy about the immune responses to this viral infection and its challenges, because the immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is different from other coronavirus infections in many ways. According to the importance of this issue in this paper, while mentioning the structural features, virology of SARS-CoV-2 and its pathogenesis, immunological responses to this virus and the challenges are reviewed. For this purpose, review and original articles were collected from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other reputable databases by using keywords such as COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Pathogenesis, clinical features, Immune system, Antibody responses, B cell, T cell.

Background: Surgery is one of the most common methods of treating many diseases which is known as an anxious experience for patients. Treatment of anxiety is important due adverse consequences in patients undergoing surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non-pharmacological measures on patients' anxiety before surgery. Materials and Methods: In this study, systematic review of information from databases, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, SID, Civilica, Iranmedex, with keywords anxiety, music therapy, massage therapy, education, counseling, aromatherapy, and non-pharmacological interventions from 2000-2020. Results: Out of 338 articles, 41 articles were selected and analyzed. These studies have introduced methods including educating and informing the patient, aromatherapy, massage therapy, listening to music and performing preoperative counseling as effective methods of non-pharmacological treatments for preoperative anxiety. Conclusion: The findings show that the use of various non-pharmacological methods, especially massage, listening to music and aromatherapy to treat preoperative anxiety in patients is very effective and efficient and has a significant effect on reducing the anxiety of patients who are candidates for surgery. Also, the use of these methods reduces the use of sedatives and the side effects of their use.

Background: Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in regulating vascular activity by producing vascular active substances such as endothelin-1 and nitric oxide. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of water resistance training with dark chocolate consumption on plasma levels of endothelin-1, nitric oxide and quality of life in elderly women. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 37 elderly women (mean ± standard deviation; age, 65. 6 ± 3. 1 years; weight 75. 71 ± 7. 7 kg) were purposefully divided into four complementary groups. Supplementation and exercise, exercise and control were included. The training protocol was performed for eight weeks of water resistance training. Supplementation of 30 grams of 83% dark chocolate daily was used for 8 weeks. Quality of life index was measured by SF-36 evaluation and plasma endolin-1 levels by ELISA and serum nitrite levels as the main metabolite of NO. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni’ s post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that the mean quality of life index in the water resistance training group was significantly higher than the control group in elderly women (p = 0. 036). Also, the mean NO levels in the combined group were significantly higher than the control group (p = 0. 001). But the mean levels of endothelin-1 in the combined group were significantly lower than the control group (p = 0. 012). Conclusion: Based on the present results, it can be concluded that resistance training in water along with consumption of dark chocolate may reduce endothelin-1 levels and increase NO levels to improve endothelial function and increase quality of life in elderly women.

Background: The growing interest of health products based on fruits and herbs has led manufacturers of oral health products to focus on fruits and plant products, which can be replaced by conventional chemical products to improve treatment methods and pay attention to the category of preventive dentistry. Materials and Methods: In this study, the optical properties of cranberry and Cornus mas tea with Avantes broadband light source in the range of 300-1100 nm were investigated. The quasi-optical light spectroscopy test method includes 4cc of two cranberry and Cornus mas tea, which were prepared from about 1. 7 g of dried fruit of these two fruits in 40 ml of 60oC water for 15 minutes. A review of 36 articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Google has been conducted by Usage Research from 1994 to 2020 to introduce the use of this fruit in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Results: Cranberry and Cornus mas tea, both have a maximum peak spectrum around 759. 8 nm and a minimum transmission spectrum around 439 nm. There is an acceptable agreement between the results of the transmission spectrum (in the range of 300-1100 nm) and the absorption spectrum (in the range of 400-750 nm). Cranberries, like Cornus mas, are chemically rich sources of antioxidants and anthocyanins. Conclusion: Spectroscopic studies in terms of optical interpolation features showed that the two fruits were not significantly different. Studies of chemical properties also suggest that polyphenols with anticariogenic properties and anthocyanins by inhibiting interleukins, reduce the use of antibiotics to prevent and treat periodontal disease, prevent bacterial resistance in they oppose dental treatments using antibiotics. Therefore, there is no significant difference between these two fruits in terms of photochemical properties, which shows that these two fruits can be a good alternative for each other in terms of health and treatment in oral use.