Woman in Development and Politics
Year:2021 | Volume:19 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

The precise question of this research is: «How does the experience of women who lost their spouses effect on redefining of their gender identity? » this research was designed by using grounded theory. Data was gathered by using semi-structured interviews and observation. The sample includes 21 women without spouse who live in two neighborhoods of Abbassabad and Afsariye in Tehran city. Targeted sampling and theoretical sampling were used for sample selection. All data were collected and analyzed in social stages of open, axial and selective coding. The research findings showed that women after being in the position of losing husband, going through a period of grief. According to the data, three main categories of identity about women were identified, which are in three groups: 1) happy widows, 2)sad widows, and 3)wandering widows. Happy widows categorize in: dependent, warrior, and independent women. Redifining identity of women without a spouse is in five different paradigms. These paradigms are 1)-perished woman 2) Dependent woman 3) lonely woman 4) Warrior woman 5) Independent woman. The process of achieving gender identity of women without a spouse affected by the circumstances in which they are available, such as access to economic, cultural and social resources, motherhood, age and the formation of a relationship with their own family.

Work-family balance refers to the synchronization of family and occupational roles. Undoubtedly, the content and policymaking system’ s approach to this issue is one of the main factors affecting realization of satisfactory condition of the women's employment system and realization of a constructive balance between work and family in women's lives. This study aims to investigate the flow and trends of women's employment policymaking and how these policies consider the work-family balance for women using meta-analysis method. In this study, the meta-analysis of policymaking in the field of women's employment and considering extent to which they relate to create balance between work and family domains suggests that policymaking area has failed systematically to achieve goals such as balance between employment and family. Also, based on the principle of women's dignity and paying attention to create dignity for women, to organize employment, so the policies adopted during these years are in a basic and content disturbance which is not proportional to the woman at the level of the Islamic Revolution.

Entrepreneurship is one of the activities that can solve many major challenges such as unemployment, low income, lack of economic diversity, etc., in rural areas, in which women, as one of the influential groups in rural society, play an important role. have; For this reason, strengthening the entrepreneurship of rural women is considered an effective solution in the direction of two development indicators, namely increasing employment and reducing unemployment. Learning entrepreneurship among rural women requires more detailed planning to identify key factors influencing the development of entrepreneurial activities. Therefore, to further strengthen the entrepreneurship of rural women and subsequently the development of rural areas, the study of factors affecting the development of rural women entrepreneurship is of great importance. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural women and classify them in terms of value and importance, which has been studied by qualitative meta-analysis. In the present study, out of a total of 112 published scientific-research articles, 46 articles completely related to the research topic, which have been done in a survey and field, have been reviewed; The research period is from 2005 to 2020. Examining the research on rural women entrepreneurship, it was found that the factors affecting their entrepreneurship are classified into seven categories: infrastructure-environmental, family, individual-behavioral, social-cultural, economic-financial, institutional-legal and promotional-educational. According to the research findings, the most important factors affecting the development of rural women entrepreneurship are: the level of literacy and personal knowledge of rural women, participation in entrepreneurship training courses, earning money, membership in secondary groups, family support, support of government institutions and agent Transportation.

Verbal harassment is a form of street harassment in particular and a form of violence against women in general in which the women in different societies, including Iran, experience in different ways and endanger their psychological, mental and objective security. Its adverse effects on women's social activity and the induction of an environment saturated with insecurity make it necessary for them to study women's experience in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons and contexts of street harassment, coping strategies and the consequences of this type of harassment of female students in urban spaces using the research method of grounded theory using semi-structured interview technique and the data obtained. Using the features of Maxqda quality data analysis software, the 2018 version has been analyzed. In the open coding stage, 298 meaningful statements and 97 basic concepts were obtained. In the axial coding stage, 45 subcategories and 20 axial categories were identified by combining the concepts, and by understanding the implications of the concepts and categories, the core category was explored. The results of the study indicate "learned inability" and the habituation of the role of "passive victim" for girls, which helps to strengthen the contexts and conditions full of components of patriarchal culture. The overall output of the research should be analyzed under the core category of research, namely, "the ritualization of women's repression and silence", which cultivates forms of deviant subculture.

Qualitative Aanalysis of the Argumentative Structure of Proponents and Opponents of Women's Representation Right in the Presidential Election in Iran Abstract The issue of women's right to represent in the Iranian presidential election has been a part of political discourses and scientific researches in the field of women political participation in recent years. So far as it has become a debatable claim. This paper focuses on the statements of 26 people, including "legislators, election observers, jurists, women with management and political representation backgrounds, and female candidates in the presidential election in the period of 1980 – 2019 and, given their claims are as argumentative acts. By using Toulmin's Argument Model, the paper has attempted to show how the proponents and opponents of women's representation right in the presidential election in Iran have shaped their argumentative structure. Findings from the qualitative content analysis of 50 argumentative texts indicate that all of the arguers have used structures the main components in their argumentative, including: claim, data and warrant from the Toulminian Model. But only in the two texts has been used the six components of Toulminian Model. So, they are not perfect arguments. The researchers conclude that the presence of field-dependent warrants in the argumentative structure of the proponents implies that they are trying to challenge the claims of the opponents’ claims and, thereby they increase the legitimacy of their arguments. Keywords: Argument, Speech Act of Argumentation, Argumentative Structure, Toulmin Model of Argumentation, Women's Representation, Presidential Elections, Iran.

The level of Gender inequality between girls and boys in the family and the explanation of the factors affecting it The family is one of the most important social pillars and the degree of discrimination between girls and boys in the family affects other aspects of society, while family law rules give special rights to men and the propaganda norms of marriage and marital relations also lead authority. It has masculine orientation. The type of parent-child relationship has changed and with the tendency to have one child, the priority between girls and boys in the family has changed. This article has been compiled with two objectives 1-Recognizing the level of discrimination between girls and boys in the family 2-Recognizing the factors affecting discrimination in the family between girls and boys. The research has quantitative explanatory method. Questioned by 500 parents living in Tehran who have at least one son and one daughter. . The results showed: Discrimination between boys and girls in the family has decreased in Tehran. There is a significant relationship between the average family income and patriarchy and acceptance of social discrimination, acceptance of legal discrimination, personal and emotional development of parents, socialization of discrimination in parents, learning discrimination in childhood parents ' education with the level of discrimination between girls and boys in the family. There is also an inverse relationship between parental personality and emotional development and family income with discrimination.

The aim of this paper is to study the process of constructing sexual understanding of adolescent girls in Isfahan after facing the sexual world. This research has been carried out with the method of Grounded Theory and in a constructivist approach. Participants in the study were adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 years in Isfahan. The study has conducted by sequential purposive sampling method including snowball sampling and theoretical sampling, to examine the process of sexual understanding in adolescent girl's lived experience from their first facing with the sexual world so far. The technique used in the research was Intensive and narrative interviews, which helped us to achieve theoretical saturation by conducting 3 introductory and 24 final interviews. Based on the research findings, the process of facing Isfahan adolescent girls with the sexual world-from childhood to the present-was recognized in three categories of "problemati facing with the sexual world", "the age-based sexual understanding", and "disambiguation of sexual understanding". The connection between these concepts reflects the historicity of individual and social sexuality and fluidity in the construction of sexual understanding, and narrow this process from the initial facing with the sexual world to the constant access to new information, and reflexivity in thoughts, attitudes, and understanding in the light of cultural scenarios, interpersonal, and intrapsychic scripts until the interview time.