PAZHOHESH-HA-YE BASTANSHENASI IRAN
Year:2021 | Volume:11 | Issue:28|Papers Count:13

Romeshgan is a newly established city in the southwestern part of Lorestan province. In the author's archeological study in 2016, 79 sites related to the historical period were identified in Romeshgan, a large number of which were introduced for the first time. The present study, which is based on field study, library studies and preparation and interpretation of GIS maps of the study area, examines the pattern of establishment of historical sites in the Romeshgan area based on characteristics such as height, slope, access to resources. Deals with water, soil type, topography, access roads, etc. The fundamental question of this study is how important and determining environmental factors have played a role in the formation and distribution of Romanesque historical sites and the main purpose of this study is to obtain an appropriate answer to this question through analysis and Summary of collected data. For this purpose, maps have been prepared based on the available information. The result of this study shows that the Romeshgan area is divided into three parts in terms of geographical features: northern plain, central heights and southern strip. Areas of the northern slope of Romeshgan plain are in the majority in terms of number and according to determining factors such as soil type, altitude, slope, land use and other influential factors, the areas of this section are most likely monogamous. There has been more emphasis on rainfed agriculture. In the central highlands, there are only a small number of sites or historical monuments with special uses such as defensive forts, which are fully compatible with the environmental and geographical features of this section. In the southern part, a number of historical sites have been identified, which due to the rangeland of the region and the lack of suitable soil for agriculture, it can be assumed that these areas were herding and livestock settlements.

Tape Hissar in Damghan is an important site with architectural remains of residential-ritual parts belonging to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age (4500-1500 BC), which has been excavated with detailed maps by Schmidt (1937) and Dyson (1989) and others. The purpose of this study is to analyze the architecture of this site in different layers and the main questions are about identifying similar and distinctive features of architectural remains in relation to other findings affected by different cultural changes. The research method is monograph and begins with the analysis of texts and maps based on library studies and is completed by collecting and analyzing the artifacts left on the ground, especially layer IIIB. According to excavations, in the second half of the fourth millennium BC, Hissar was an important site for stone processing and production of copper. Hissar I pottery was also influenced from the west, and Hissar II from the northeast of Iran. The architecture of Hissar has changed along with cultural changes. Materials such as molded clay is used instead of Chine (periods II and III). Details such as the buttress is one of the most important structural features of the II period, which is changed into tower in Hissar III. During this period, decorative niches appeared for ritual or ceremonial buildings. The activity of each room, especially the burned building of IIIB, is separated. In the spatial organization of each house in Hissar II and III, there is a large room (about 4 by 5 meters) with a square heart in the middle, which has a right-angled geometry protected by buttress, and is linked with fire-related activities and perhaps metalworking. It is noteworthy that the general orientation of buildings in different layers remains constant in the form of northwest-southeast, which seems to correspond to the direction of the prevailing winds in the region.

Luristan, located in west of Iran, is an important region in the field of metallurgy of the Iron Age in Iran, but comparing to its huge bronze finds or attributed to it, there is little information about the metallurgical technology in this area. Dia ardizi Moorani is one of the prehistorical sites which is excavated recently in southern Luristan. According to the various finds, such as a number of architectural structures, debris of the six grave stone, a burial, pottery, stone, bone, metal etc., during one excavation season, a settlement from chalcolithic to Iron Age has been observed in this area. A significant number of bronze objects are among the findings of this site. Therefore, to recognize the ancient metallurgical technology in the site, seven bronze pins belong to Iron Age were studied using laboratory method including metallography and scanning electron microscopy coipled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) in order to identify chemical composition and manufacturing techniques. The results of SEM-EDS showed that except for one sample made of arsenic copper alloy, all of the pins were made of tin bronze with different amount of tin which indicates the method of producing bronze alloy without control on tin amount similar to other areas of Iron Age in Iran. SEM-EDS analyses also revealed elements such as nickel, silver, arsenic and iron as minor elements in all samples which could be attributed to the impurities of the ore used in the metal extraction process. In addition, microstructural investigation clearly showed various sulfide inclusions and lead globules. Moreover, elongated inclusions can be an indication of significant hot working or cold working and annealing to achieve the final shape. Also, the microstructures of the pins revealed re-crystallized twin grain structures that indicate the use of multiple procedures, including hot-working or cold-working and annealing to manufacture these pins.

The first season of the survey was conducted in April and May 2015. It is attempted to determine the studied region according to natural geographical range without considering new political borders. To this end, Bavanat River Basin which is located in two central and Mazayjan parts of this county was fully investigated. Archeological research was carried out in a survey and intensive way to identify all sites and relics that reflect the activities of past human societies in the region. In this research, in addition of using all the information of historical texts and environmental studies, it was tried to conduct a field study in the basin of Bavanat River and by analyzing movable and immovable surface findings, the relationship between cultural sites and settlement patterns are investigated and meanwhile by comparing with the adjacent regions, the relationship between these cultural sites in different periods with the environment and geography of the region is investigated. In general, the most important goals of this archaeological research in 2015 are as the following: identifying all cultural works of different periods of the region; preparing archaeological maps of the studied region in the alternation of different cultural periods, studying and investigating the process of settlement changes in different periods, presenting the sequence of relative chronology of the region based on surface findings, measuring the effect of environment on the formation of settlements, explaining the cultural position of the studied region in cultural areas of country, recognizing regional and trans-regional interactions based on surface findings. During the conducted researches, 200 sites that dated from the Neolithic Period to the late Islamic era were registered. These sites include hills and ancient sites, historical castles, historical places of worship, mosque, bridge, cemetery, mill, petroglyph, ancient mines, and slag site. The oldest signs of settlement in this region were related to the Neolithic that this type of pottery was already identified in Marvast Plain, known as Mushki.

Eastern civilizational domain that covers the southeastern regions of Iran has numerous regions with countless historical ambiguities. This lack of information requires us to conduct further field studies in order to expand our knowledge of these regions. The cultural landscape region of Bam is located on far eastern part of Kerman land and includes the regions of Bam, Narmashir, Fahraj and Rigan that stretch across the border of Kerman with areas of Sistan va Baluchestan and south eastern of Khoorasan (Khoorasan Jonoobi province). To study, identify and document the historical monuments and castles of the cultural region area of Bam in 2013, it remnants of an ancient monument by northern part of Mir Abad Emam Qoli village as part of Rigan County was identified. Application and chronological data of Mir Abad Emam Qoli monument are the most important questions of the present study and the authors try to answer them by means of a descriptive-analytic approach and using the method of field studies and library studies. The results of present study show that Mir Abad Emam Qoli monument with its square space, a central dome (Adrian), fire place at the center of this space, four gates on four sides and a corridor around the monument is a fire temple from Sassanid era on the far eastern part of Kerman at southeast Iran. Application and chronological data of Mir Abad Emam Qoli monument are the most important questions of the present study and the authors try to answer them by means of a descriptive-analytic approach and using the method of field studies and library studies. The results of present study show that Mir Abad Emam Qoli monument with its square space, a central dome (Adrian), fire place at the center of this space, four gates on four sides and a corridor around the monument is a fire temple from Sassanid era on the far eastern part of Kerman at southeast Iran.

The Greater Khorasan including the area covering the modern Khorasan province in Iran has played an important role in the historical and cultural development of the Islamic world. Nishapū r, as one the major cultural and economic centers of Khorasan exists in a cultural landscape in which urban and rural entities constitute an inextricable part of it. Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry have been continually the foundation of Nishapur’ s economy. kohandež (Citadel) as stated by written sources was the oldest part of the old Nishapur and acted as the governmental center and later as one of city quarter. One of the first faunal remains of kohandež was discovered during excavations of joint Irano-French expedition in 2004 and 2005. Nearly 2470 pieces of animal bones were found in these excavations, and this article presents the results of archaeozoological studies on the collection. The main volume of the remains can be dated to the early Islamic period up to the 7th H. /13th CE, and a small portion, based on the results of absolute dating, belongs to the Sassanid as well as the late Parthian period. This paper is also attempts to gain a better understanding of subsistence economy of Nishapur by evaluating the faunal remains of kohandež and studying written sources focusing on the early Islamic period to the Mongol invasion. The paper also aims to identify the exploited animals in Old City of Nishapū r by attempting a reconstruction of animal based human diet and the role of livestock and stockbreeding in such aspects of the local society as diet, farming, trade, and transportation. The results indicate that sheep and goat were were in the most exploited animals not only for meat but also for providing by products such as milk and in particular wool a particularly precious material for the textile industry.

In the Islamic period of various arts, including pottery, great progress was made, along with unglazed potteries; a variety of glazed potteries was produced. Among the pottery in the Islamic era, is the Sgraffito pottery (carving under the glaze). in this study, 26 pieces of pottery were studied from Shahkouh and Lembassar sites. Of these, 5 samples of non-glazed pottery are related to Shokouh's kiln, which is indicated by the Kou (Koureh) mark in the result table. 8 samples of pottery are collected from the range around the kiln, shown in the table with the o38 (trench’ s name was O38) mark. 7 samples of pottery are collected from different sections of Shahkouh site, which is indicated by the Moh (Mohavateh) on the table, and 6 samples of pottery belong to the Lambesar castle, which is indicated by the symbol Lam in the results table. Elements of Mgo and So3 in the samples of the kiln can be useful for identification of samples. Especially sulfur trioxide (So3) as an indicator of pottery inside the furnace that was produced in Shahkouh itself. In addition, the authors used the statistical study and components analyses of these elements. The purpose of this study is to identify the elemental composition of pottery in the kiln and glazed pottery of Shahkouh and Lembesar. The questions raised in this research are: What amounts of the Alamut’ s Sgraffito pottery are produced at Shahkouh site? The results of this study showed that the chemical structure of unglazed pottery obtained from Shchokh's kiln differs from that of Shahkouh's Sgraffito pottery and compares them with the Lambesar's Sgraffito indicating their different structures. As a result, it can be admitted that unglazed potteries that was extracted from the Shahkouh kiln was local production, but Sgraffito pottery was not produced by Shahkouh and Lembasser; Sgraffito potteries are produced elsewhere and it was imported into the sites.

Qeshm island is located in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf in the estuary of it in the span of Hormouz channel and its location on the communication routes have long affluence extensive commercial communications with other areas. During Archeological surveys were carried during two seasons in 2007 and 2012 by Ali Reza Khosrowzadeh were identified 161sites and a considerable number of marked potteries too which They are important. This type has a wide distribution in the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf and appears to have spread throughout the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf during Islamic times. But most of archaeological researches have been concentrated on the south of the Persian Gulf and archaeological information from the northern area is scattered and inadequate. Therefore, in order to identify and introduce this lesser known type of Pottery in Iran and for its mineralogical purpose14 sampled unglazed painted potteries were selected for microscopic examination and the samples were analyzed by thin section petrographic analysis using polarizing light microscope. The microscopic studies were an attempt to answer the questions: What are the mineralogical characteristics of Qeshm Island potteries? What are the similarities and differences in minerals among the tested samples? how is the quality and amount of making potteries? Considering Qeshm is located in the Zagros structural zone due to its geological location that saws the carbonate sedimentary and sandstone. These characteristics correspond with the findings of the potteries from Qeshm. The most common mineral in the sample structure is quartz and all samples have but one sample of grog, but some different minerals and rocks are remarkable in the samples. Furthermore, all the pottery samples have the same structure and porphyry texture. Iron oxide was used in the color of all samples. The most potteries are baked at a temperature of about 8000C. So most of them have enough baking.

Typology and Chronology of Celadons Obtained during Archeological survey in Sirjan Plain Celadon is a valuable type of pottery from the Islamic period that was imported from China to Iran in the 3-11 century AH, and due to its popularity, it was produced in centers such as Kerman since the 8th century AH. Celadon has been found during archaeological excavations and survey in the Persian Gulf coasts and even inland regions in Iran. Sirjan Plain in southeastern Iran is one of the areas from which a variety of celadon was obtained during surface survey in 2018. In response to questions about technical specifications, temporal distribution, and imported or locally made nature of celadon obtained from Sirjan Plain, the authors have examined samples from Shahre Qhadem e Sirjan, Qaleh Sang, and Bagh Bamid sites. The study objective was typology, chronology, and determination of the form, type, and techniques used in making and decorating these wares. The study method included fieldwork and secondary research with a descriptive– analytical approach. The comparative results of the study showed that the celadon under study can be classified into six types including Yue, Longquan, Dusun, Martaban, Jingdezhen and Guangdong. According to research findings, these objects were imported from China, most likely via southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, from the third century AH until the Safavid period. Only two percent of the celadons, i. e. those from to the Safavid period excavated in Bagh Bamid site, were locally produced, most likely in Kerman. Meanwhile, the presence of Jingdezhen celadon indicates the continuation of the import of this type of luxury pottery from the ninth century BC to the Safavid period in the Sirjan plain. These samples are comparable to celadons obtained from sites such as Mahroban, Harireh in Kish, Old Hormuz region, Shahr e Kohan in Jiroft, Yazd, Bataneh Port, Askar Mukram, Williamson pottery collection, Julfar and Ras al-Khaimah.

The paired form of the two buildings against each other and the importance of decorating the entrances was a prominent feature of Timurid architecture. This importance to decorated entrances and pairing them in the architectural complexes of the Transoxiana area has been repeated over and over, especially in two cities of "Samarkand" and "Sabz". By contrast, in the city of Herat, the third capital of the Timurids, due to numerous demolitions, there is little physical documents of architectural works. Although historical documents cited examples of construction on paired form on this axis, it is difficult to draw a clear outline of its features on the Khyaban-e Herat axis. In this paper, while examining the pairing characteristics in important examples of Timurid architecture in the Transoxiana region, and then, by analyzing historical sources and documents, the pairing characteristics of the Khyaban-e Herat buildings are identified and compared with similar ones in Transoxiana. The information of this article has been collected by library methods, visual observation and comparison of the findings and the research have been done by the comparative-analytical method. The results of this study show that Khyaban-e Herat falls into the category of burial axis in the Timurid architecture collection, but in compared with the features of the pre-existing burial axial set in this period, it has unique characteristics. The results of this study show that Khyaban-e Herat falls into the category of burial axis in the Timurid architecture collection, but in compared with the features of the pre-existing burial axial set in this period, it has unique characteristics. Except for the tomb, there was various other function in Khyaban-Herat, besides, several city complexes had been operating along the Khyaban axis. Pairing buildings along this axis was mainly done on both sides of the road, not around an enclosure. That is these cases that make Khyaban-e Herat an urban community plan that was gradually being formed.

The Qajar Era is one of the most important periods of Ta'ziyah flourishing and attention has been paid to the construction of religious buildings such as Hoseiniyeh and Takaya in Iran. Ardabil has long been regarded as the origin of Shia and was considered as one of the major centers of ritual and religious activity in Iran. This study aims to identify and study the architecture of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed, which is one of the most important Hoseiniyehs in Iran in terms of architecture, antiquity and extent of construction and is the oldest north-west Hoseiniyeh of the country as well as the first and most designed Hoseiniyeh in Ardabil city. Along with the role of the Hoseiniyehs in the Ta'ziyah, the houses have also been influenced by religion and rituals from the beginning. In addition to Hoseiniyeh, this study examines the spatial patterns of a number of historical Qajar houses in Ardabil that have been influential in the physical formation of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed. The purpose of physical comparative study of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and historical houses of Ardabil is to answer the following questions: "How has the spatial and architectural pattern of houses affected the Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed model during Qajar era in Ardabil? " And "What are the similarities between the architectural aspect of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and the historic houses of Ardabil? " This research is a qualitative and analytical-descriptive one. After field studies and reviewing the documents and gathering information from Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and historical houses, the role of influential factors on the physical formation of Hoseiniyeh and houses was determined by introducing and examining the characteristics of each building and comparing a number of important indicators. And it was determined that the architectural style of Hosseiniyeh Mojtahed is influenced by the spatial pattern of historical houses in Ardabil and it was built based on the common architecture and architectural frameworks of the Qajar period.

In various periods after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, a special group of tomb buildings was formed in the field of territorial architecture, which is of special importance in the history of architecture. Sheikh Shahab-ud-Din Mahmoud Ahari's collection is one of these religious buildings with a religious background, which is one of the valuable works of Iranian Islamic architecture, a remarkable example in the region of Azerbaijan and the city of Ahar. Sheikh Shahab's building in his body includes spaces such as a monastery, a congregation, a mosque, a cemetery, a school, etc., which have been created over time and in different periods. However, due to the lack of sufficient studies in the field of architecture and construction courses, it has remained unknown. Based on this, the forthcoming research has been formed with a consolidated and descriptive-historical approach in order to know the different aspects of architecture and the course of additions and construction periods of this complex. In this regard, in order to gain knowledge in the field of architectural quality of the building, first with a careful look at the constituent elements, a field study was conducted throughout the work and then with the approach of recognizing written documents, time belonging to the body and construction periods. Took. As a result of the research, it was found that the quality of architecture and its related arrays in the complex corresponds to the views of Iranian-Islamic Iranian architecture in the Azerbaijan region. Together with the dependent and attached cells, it was created in the surrounding area at the end of the sixth century to the first half of the 11th century AH, and finally became a two-porch and extroverted building. On this basis, the collection of Sheikh Shahab al-Din Ahri is a multi-purpose foundation whose organizational cohesion and physical integrity is an image of the high architectural thought of the mentioned eras.