Geography
Year:2019 | Volume:17 | Issue:60|Papers Count:13

Today, the relationship between architectural climate and design for building structures and solar radiation is quite evident. Therefore, optimization of these structures during the warm and cold years will reduce energy consumption and increase productivity. In this regard, the present study tries to investigate the radiation conditions in Hamedan to optimize the building in hot weather with the lowest energy intake and in cold weather with the highest solar energy. In order to achieve this goal and calculating the solar radiation intensity on the vertical surfaces of buildings in Hamedan, using Excel software, the computational method was calculated by Cisco Stevenson, and the effective temperature calculations were used to distinguish between cold and hot periods. The results showed that the special geographical position of Hamedan, including its placement in the western half of the country, its coldness and its proximity to the Zagros-Alvand mountain range, has caused the need for energy in most months of the year (except in the summer and middle of the day) The sun is high. Also, the results indicate that the most suitable direction for the view of one-way buildings is to the south with a deviation of 15 degrees eastward and west. For the two-way buildings, the north-south direction is the ideal direction, because 18. 6% of the sun's energy is related to the warm year and 81. 4% of the cold year's energy. In four-sided buildings, especially class and apartment complexes, there are +75, 105, +165 and-15 best ones. In this regard, 29. 5 percent of the solar energy is related to the warm year and 70. 5 percent of the energy to the cold season

Integrated development, in the sense of comprehensive approach to the logical integrity of spatial-temporal connections between sectors in environmental, economic, social, and physical planning procedures, emphasizes in fect, on the active participation of the people and unified management of areas. In addition, it focuses on the effective interaction between rural and urban areas, as otherwise it would be neither in favor of rural centers nor supporting urban centers. So, despite its outstanding capabilities, the Sarwabad’ s spatial system was unable to achieve the goals of a desirable and integrated rural-urban development, lacking unified structural-functional planning. This article deals with the Sarwabad Area (including two cities of Sarwabad and Oraman-Takht and villages of the area). With regard to the integrated approach to rural-urban development, based on a comprehensive empirical field research, the paper has pursued the analysis and definition of the constraints of rural-urban development. The results show that, although there is a direct and significant relation between socio-cultural and physical-spatial indices, the security, economic and physical-ecological variables have the lowest correlation and the spatial flows have a medium link with the characteristics of integrated development. Therefore, As a result, integrated rural-urban development, as expected, has not been materialized.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to explain the entrepreneurial capabilities in the rural area of Sabalan. In this regard, we study the dimensions and characteristics of sustainable development of rural areas, entrepreneurship and its principles and methods in the villages of the region. Finally, considering the capabilities Creating employment and entrepreneurship in the Sabalan region offers optimal solutions for entrepreneurship in the region, economic development and sustainable development. This research is in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-analytic in terms of its method. Data collection was done using library and field methods (questionnaire). Finally, raw data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Spearman correlation coefficient and univariate regression analysis using SPSS22 software. The results of the research indicate that Sabalan rural areas have several entrepreneurial capabilities that include tourism capabilities in the field of ecotourism, religious tourism and sports tourism; the medical geology capabilities of medicinal plants, therapeutic honey and hydrotherapy; mineral resources Such as metal minerals, non-metallic materials and construction materials. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Development, Rural Areas

The present study was conducted to investigate, analyze and explain the physical-spatial changes of rural settlements at urban collection Mashhad during the last ten years. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and fundamental in terms of purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The sample population is 28 villages of over 20 households in urban collection Mashhad which were selected from different classes of population and different distances with Mashhad city. From 20083 households in sample rural areas, using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 377 households were selected by random sampling method. To test the conceptual model of research and the effect of identified factors on physical-spatial evolution was used with partial least squares technique and using Smart PLS software. According to the results, the coefficients t between the main variables of research were above 2. 58, that is, the relationship is significant and direct; In this way, internal indices, adjacent to the metropolis of Mashhad and external factors have a positive and significant effect on the physical and spatial changes of rural settlements. According to the coefficients of the total variable, external factors with a coefficient of 0. 947 have the greatest impact and the internal factors of the village have had the least impact on the physical-spatial changes of settlements. The results of spatial analysis and ranking of sample villages with the WASPAS estimation model indicated that the villages of Gorgi-Sofla, Hosseinabad-Ghorghi and Dostabad had the highest level of physical-spatial changes.

Tehran's metropolitan area is considered one of the most polluting cities in the world due to population concentration, indoor and suburban industries, vehicular traffic, high fossil fuel consumption, special geographical location, unique climate and topographic features. Not be The main objective of this study was to investigate and analyze the temporal and spatial behavior of pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, troposphere ozone, suspended particles, and sulfur dioxide) in the northern part of Tehran. In order to investigate the changes of air pollutants in temporal and spatial scales, data from meteorological stations and pollutant stations were used by Air Quality Control Company and Tehran Environmental Organization during the years 1387-1387. Data were calculated using SPSS and Excel software and the results of statistical analyzes of the distribution of pollutants in spatial and temporal scales using Arc GIS 9. 3 software and the Inverse Distance Inverse Interpolation (IDW) function as maps Tables and charts are prepared and drawn up. Based on the results of the study, the concentration of three pollutants of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the winter peak, but the concentration of suspended particles and ozone troposphere in summer is higher. All pollutants showed significant correlation with climatic elements. The correlation coefficient of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide with negative wind and positive pressure and surface temperature are positive. The correlation of ozone and particulate matter with the temperature and wind speed is positive and with negative pressure and humidity. Spatial distribution of centers with severe pollution is mainly due to the severity of pollution, mainly around the crisis headquarters, the Municipality of District 7, Sharif University and the Rocks Park, Aqdasiya and Puncak

The role of temperature and the importance of its transformation has led to a serious attention to this climate over the last few decades. The rising temperature in some regions of Iran and its possible implications have led to serious concerns for researchers and planners. The aim of this study is to determine the spatial transformation of Iran's temperature over the past four decades. In order to evaluate this trend, the ERA Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) database was used during the 1979-2015 period with a spatial resolution of 12566 × 125/0 ° arc per month with 9966 cells. Non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope methods were used to reveal the temperature trend. The results showed that four months of February, March, May and October experienced a one-way (incremental) temperature trend. The highest average of the country's seasonal increase was due to the winter season and its minimum was fall season. In all months of the year, the regions of the country that were between 30 to 35 degrees north have experienced the most significant incremental trend. The cold and temperate regions of the country have been experiencing higher temperatures than other areas. Also, the negative trend of south-east and south (Bushehr coastal areas) of Iran is due to four reasons: 1. Mineralization of the climate of the area; 2. Increased airborne weather conditions; 3. Precipitation vapor; and 4. Clouds and range of temperature changes. The maximum average temperature gradient of the country was at 11. 1 ° C in February, and its minimum level was as high as 0. 002 ° C in November. In general, Iran's winters are getting warmer, and this will be considered a serious threat to the country's flood victims.

Any land use program will be carried out at the ground level and will result in changes in landfill, surface and even underground landforms. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to the importance of landfills and landforms in their role in land application models., considering that geomorphologic knowledge studies the forms and processes of the Earth, it is necessary to consider the characteristics and processes affecting landforms in order to environmental Capability assessment in the land use planning In this research, the methods of environmental Capability assessment in land use planning of used in Iran from the geomorphology viewpoint have been investigated and analyzed. Investigating the methods according to the criteria used in each method showed that in the Land System Approch, the criteria of climate, fault, groundwater and environmental hazards are not considered, and also in the Natural Resources Master Plan, attention to environmental hazards And only two protection and grassland of land use are defined. In a system analysis, given that experts have different specializations, they do not take into account all the components of a system The Urban, Rural, and Industrial Development Model of McHarg and Makhdoum have a general view of nature. Therefore, the new environmental Capability assessment model was proposed based on the integration of existing methods and according to the geomorphology viewpoint, in order to evaluate the environmental Capability assessment based on the base units of the landform, and the resulting results would be more consistent with the Earth's realities. This model includes assessing ecological capability and assessing the environmental hazards. In assessing ecological capability, sub-criteria for dominant winds, slope curvature, surface water and underground water were added. Also, in the land parcel standard, a different classification of landforms for urban development was presented, and environmental risk assessment included flood potential assessment, landslide and seismicity.

The main aim of doing this research was to assess the resilience in Farahzad neighborhood of Tehran. In order to assess resilience in social, economic, and managerial-institutional dimensions, questionnaire method was used and in order to assess physical section, field study and GIS software was used. One of the most important ideas that has been going on in current decade about crisis management and also urban management, is to create resisting cities and cities than can resist various crisis. Urban resilience can be described as the ability of an urban area to resist against dangers such as climate change, accidents, economic and social poorness to resist against them, absorb and adapt them or to avoid them. The thought of resilience in complicated systems such as cities, enables the understanding of mobility and nonlinear relations in such systems. This thinking, in the modern urban zone, the ability to integrate human and ecologic factors in urban systems and understanding their interactions, enables the extension of sustainable strategies according to the identified attractions. Today, mostly cities and settlement societies are created or built in such places that in terms of natural disasters are in danger of various of them and or because of technological advances are in danger of human made accidents. The perspective that has been there in management of accidents and urban management, has been mostly conflicting and decreasing the dangers. About the assessments done on social resilience in Farahzad neighborhood, based on the completed questionnaires, it can be said that the social tendency to participate with an average of 3. 94 was ranked first. In second rank, is social ties with neighbors with an average of 3. 82 and in third rank is the ability to adapt to tensions and chaos with an average of 3. 64. Factors of participation in decision making and level of participation to solve the crisis with 3. 55 and 3. 46 averages in order, are ranked fourth and fifth. Local understanding of danger with an average of 3. 15 is on sixth rank and knowledge and awareness of crisis with average of 2. 95 is ranked seventh. Altogether, the sum of social resilience in the studied neighborhood was 3. 50 which can be said that the level of social resilience in Farahzad neighborhood is at an average level.

This study examines two important geographic footprint in layer management and sustainable urban development and urban planning. Methods of collecting and gathering information from the library, field work and questionnaires were used. This descriptive study, explain and through the geography footprint (ecological) for determining the safety of the urban population ) District 13 (. The results show that the ecological footprint area of 1. 913 hectares per person per year, This means that this area 1. 376 times more than their share of ecologically sustainable capacity allocated The results of this study corroborates the notion that their needs for sustainable security in the region 13 to meet the needs of other regions is Tehran And the other regional development patterns, according to calculations by Gini coefficients of inequality and relative entropy and Shannon somewhat scattered and uneven distribution of population in urban areas it is evident.

People's voluntary contributions and activities to manage various affairs, especially in supportive affairs and poverty alleviation, have always been a part of human activities. Endowment or vaqf is one of the ways of social contribution that social groups, including women, are engaged in. The purpose of this research is to identify how women in Tehran participated in vaqf-related social activities during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. The research method is documentary-descriptive. The statistical population includes all the endower women of Tehran city in the studied periods whose information is available. The vaqf-related data of these endower women were collected from valid sources, and were analyzed using statistical methods and AHP model. The findings show that the women of Tehran, having the right to own property and financial independence, have had the opportunity to participate in social affairs according to their tendency. Although in both studied periods, the religious motivation for vaqf had a higher position than other motivations, during the Qajar period, part of the development and Construction process of Tehran city has been accomplished through vaqf. The type of endowment sites is closely related to the social class of the endowers. Therefore, since most of the women in the city of Tehran during the Qajar period were mainly from the aristocracy and the lords, their most endowed sites is commercial, with a tendency towards dokan (old small store or shop), which in the Pahlavi era, was replaced with residential sites, especially home.

Sustainability analysis and the status of sustainability indices in urban areas have always been one of the objectives of urban managers as a way to achieve urban sustainability. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the status of sustainable development of the neighborhood in the neighborhoods of Khorramabad city and in general, to understand the different situation between neighborhoods and to show different levels of neighborhoods in terms of indices of regional development. According to the results of Anova test, in all indicators of sustainable development of the neighborhood (socio-cultural, economic, environmental, physical), there are significant differences between the studied neighborhoods in terms of mean differences. In other words, Fisher's test for each of the four indicators is equal to 0/000 and the confidence level is 0. 95% smaller than 0. 05. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the groups in terms of average, and all the neighborhoods in terms of this index The situation is different. Also, in order to answer the research question and to determine the homogeneous levels of neighborhood development and ranking of neighborhoods in terms of the level of sustainable development indices, the cluster analysis and Tukey test have been used. The results of that neighborhood have a stable development of the high neighborhood in the 3rd level (sustainable), Khajavi coastal districts, Delphan, Shahid, Phazik, Alawi districts with medium-level neighborhood development at Level 2 (semi-sustainable ), Keghaneh neighborhood, Eastern spain, and white flowers have a low-lying neighborhood development at level 1 (unstable) within the study area.

tourism or the tourism of nature is a kind of sustainable tourism that is possible with the participation of indigenous operators and the exploitation of natural tourism potential. Masal has not been developed in terms of facilities and facilities in comparison with other cities in the province of Gilan. In fact, it is a kind of village. With proper and proper planning, it can be the basis for its comprehensive development, but before It is necessary to recognize and introduce the capabilities and capabilities of this city. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the feasibility of the development of Ecotourism in Masal with an emphasis on the role of the climate with the creation of employment opportunities in the city and its villages. In fact, in this research, an attempt is made to find an appropriate and desirable answer to these research questions.: Is it possible to say that the main reason for employment in the city and villages of Masal is the tourist attraction and the climate and climate of the region? 2 Is there a correlation between the natural attractions and climatology of the city of Masal and the attraction of tourists in this region? The present research is a descriptive-analytic (inferential statistics) correlation method for the purpose of applied research. The method of data collection is in the form of library and field studies. In addition, the analytical unit in this research was the individual and the statistical population of all the experts and experts in the field of urban tourism and the rural functions of Masal (about 150 people) and due to the limited statistical population of the census. Collected data was analyzed by a questionnaire after encoding and transmitted to SPSS 19 computer software. To test the hypotheses, one-variable, one-way, one-way, one-way, and Friedman tests. The results of this research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the tourist attraction of Masal city and the employment rate of people in this city between the amount of climate impact and the attraction of tourism in Masal and between the education level of employed in Masal city and tourism attraction.

In order to famine exploring; temperature mean and daily data values, total of Pars abad station precipitation during 196-2016 statistical period for implementation of SPI Index were used in 1, 3 and 6 months intervals and also TM Landset satellite images was applied for NDVI famine investigation. In anticipation part, CanESM2 was applied under RCP4. 5 diffusion scenario in 5th series and also anticipating variables such as NCEP-NCAR 1961-2005 were applied. According to famine indices implementation (SPI and NDVI), temperature values anticipation and Pars abad station precipitation (CanESM2 model under RCP4. 5 scenario), it was recognized that pasture growth situation in current conditions during flowering and seeding stages in some of main species of Ghouri chay aquiferous zone were improper. Mentioned main case was obtained through Pars abad Moghan station Ambrotermic curve and 1 month SPI famine index during 1375-1395 statistical periods, but, at the basis of anticipation temperature and precipitation values by using CanESM2 Model with 5th series model reports; mentioned conditions will be drier during 1385-1477 and also pasture covering growth period will be reduced 6 months to 3 months. This case needs to management plans and aqueferous implementation in studied region as a natural reservoirs according to pasture high importance.