ADVANCED APPLIED GEOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:3 (33)|Papers Count:8

1-Introduction During the evolution of orogenic belts in collisional zones, rock units undergoing deformation. Deformation is the transformation from an initial to a final geometry using rigid body translation, rigid body rotation, strain (distortion), and/or volume change (Dilation) (Ramsay and Huber, 1983). Folding, faulting, and layer-parallel homogeneous shortening are three mechanisms for the deformation (shortening) of layered rocks in orogenic belts (Dixon and Liu, 1992). The amount of shortening involved can be calculated in various scales, from microscopic to regional ones. On the regional scale, shortening can be calculated by restoration deformed structures to its original pre-deformational state. When two convergent plates colliding symmetrically each other (with the pure shear state), expects during active folding, symmetrical folds forming, but in conditions which the convergence rates (CR) of two plates are unequal: Have asymmetrical folds (and structures) been forming? Do faults transfer mass rocks from hinterland to foreland? Are the number of vergence movements in the plate with lower CR, is more than the other plate?...

1-Introdoction Occurrence of settlements associated with damaging adjacent structures is a dangerous phenomena due to tunnel excavation in the urban area. It may cause some dangers to the neighbors. Artificial intelligence as a new method applies to examine the relationship between different parameters and their impact on the geotechnical hazards incidents probability and severity. The amount of the settlement in EPB mechanized tunneling depends on several factors including 1) geological conditions and groundwater level, 2) tunnel characteristics (depth and diameter) and 3) drilling parameters (penetration rate, face pressure, back-fill grouting pressure, pitching angle of the machine). Due to the complexity of the settlement process in mechanized tunneling and the impossibility of using all of the useful parameters, the use of classical models such as regression and numerical methods is not efficient and has many problems (Suwansawat and Einstein, 2006). Therefore, the using of artificial intelligence models such as artificial neural networks and fuzzy methods frequently has been used to predict maximum settlement (Kim et al., 2001; Suwansawat and Einstein, 2006; Ocak and Seker, 2013; Show Fang et al., 2014; Moeinossadat et al., 2016; Nadiri et al., 2018). Artificial neural networks save time and decrease cost in modelling process. The analysis is based on artificial intelligence models by extracting the relationships between the factors affecting the settlement, such as tunnel depth and diameter, soil properties, and machine operation parameters. These models have been used to predict ground surface settlement in a number of tunneling projects. (Inanlou and Ahanghari, 2010; Rezazadeh Anbarani et al., 2013; Jafari et al., 2013; Santos and Celestino, 2008; Ocak and Seker, 2013; Dindarloo and Siami Irdemoosa, 2015; Mohammadi et al., 2015; Camos et al., 2016; Bouayad and Emeriault, 2017). In this research, in addition to solving previous research problems, a model is proposed that its results can be generalized to the other projects all over the world. The study area was selected as part of the Tabriz metro line 1, between the Qunqa and Gazran stations, which has suitable conditions in viewpoints of geological characteristics and tunnel specification that is very common and similar to other projects in this field. A fuzzy modeling method has been used to predict a maximum settlement in the study area, and its results are compared with the results of artificial neural networks which is used in previous studies. Also, considering the ability of each model, the combination of these models can take advantage of the simultaneous benefits of both models (Nadiri et al., 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018). So in this research, the Neuro-fuzzy model is used to combine individual artificial intelligence models to use the benefits of both models simultaneously...

1-Introdoction The construction of earthquake-resistant engineering projects and the stability evaluation for existing buildings are a crucial issue in seismic areas. The response of constructions and their damages depend on source parameters and distance to rupture, amplitude, duration, the spectral content of vibration and local conditions of the site (soil conditions, topography, etc.; Jorjiashvili et al., 2016; Ashayeri et al., 2018). An earthquake not only destructs directly critical structures by generating the seismic waves, but also leads to geohazards such as liquefaction, settlement, sand boiling, and the turbidity of spring and well waters. In such seismically active regions, the seismic hazard analysis is inevitable. The process of assessing the design parameters of seismic ground motion is called seismic hazard analysis. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is one of the most practical approaches for quantify uncertainties about future earthquake parameters and combine them to produce an explicit description of the distribution of future shaking that may occur at a site (Backer, 2013). The method is based on the rate of a past earthquake determined from the earthquake catalog. Dezful and Shush cities are historical and second population areas in Khuzestan province. On the other hand, the presence of different faults in the region demonstrates the necessity for seismic study and risk assessment of this area. This research focuses on seismotectonic setting and seismic risk analysis of Dezful and Susa cities using the probabilistic method for 50 km radius...

1-Introdoction Road construction leads to damage to the environment so that it is a pivotal problem for protecting fauna and flora species in each region. In spite of abundant benefits, Pole Zal-Khorram Abad highway from southwestern Iran had various geohazards and environmental impacts on this area such as landslides, land use change, and decreasing the population of fauna and flora species. For the reason, a newly optimum route selection for the highway is considered. This act is a complicated process due to the uncertainty of various factors which affect it. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique that can integrate particular preferences in performing spatial analyses on the physical and nonphysical parameters. Since criteria considered in highway route selection are geospatially nature, a geographic information system (GIS) analysis can be helped data input analyses in solving the problem. During the last decade, a few attempts have been accomplished to automate the route-planning process using GIS technology. For instance, Subramani and Pari (2015) were aligned the highway from Erode to Karur (southern India) using geological factors, land uses, ground costs, and soil types in a GIS environment. The aim of this study was to find the optimum route based on environmental considerations. For this purpose, eight effective factors were selected. Then, the AHP and fuzzy systems were applied to standardize each effective parameters as engineering geological, environmental and economic viewpoint. The suggested route was selected by the combination of the factors based on the relative weight in GIS. The selected route has less geological hazards and negative environmental impacts...

1-Introduction Recent geological studies represent that the lithosphere is evolved by time and place. Hence, one of the essential ways for interpreting how structures and deformation are formed, it appeared in finding paleostress direction. Reconstruction of paleostress is performed by using analysis of tectonic data with conjugate fault (Anderson, 1951), moving surfaces of faults (Arthaud, 1969), two-sided perpendicular to each other (Carey and Brunnier, 1974; Angelier and Mechler, 1977; Angelir, 1990; Ramsey and Lisle, 2000) and inversion method (Yamaji, 2000). Analysis of the paleostress phases performed by the inversion method measured with using fault plane in southern Birjand city. Results indicate at least two stress phases have been operating in the study area. After changing the direction of phases trends; extension and deformation are observed and on the structural component (Moussavi et al., 2011). The study area is located in the Sistan suture zone. This paper aims to investigate the variation of maximum stress axis (σ 1) along with the history of the tectonic regime with the use of structural markers, including faults, foliated structure, and veins. In order to investigate paleostress variations, have been used stress analysis methods on fault data with using the relevant software. The results indicate two stress trends during tectonic history based on the age of rock units. The initial direction of the maximum stress axis is acted NW – SE since Cretaceous to the before Eocene, after that the direction of stress has been changing toward NE-SW since Eocene to the present time. Furthermore, by combining between the results obtained from stress analysis with the results obtained from the kinematic of veins and foliation indicate the variations of directional stress field represent a clockwise rotation...

1-Introduction Recent studies concerning fluid evolution in magmatic-hydrothermal systems have mainly concentrated on porphyry copper and epithermal high-sulfidation Au-(Ag) deposits (Bethke et al., 2005; Einaudi et al., 2003; Fifarek and Rye, 2005; Heinrich, 2005). In contrast, less attention has been paid to associated epithermal base metal deposits which occur in the upper parts of the same environment and form later in the evolution of the system than the precious metal deposits (Baumgartner and Fontboté , 2008). The Shurk area is in the west of the Lut Block volcanic– plutonic belt, in eastern Iran, about 125 Km northwest of Birjand city. Great Tertiary, The Shurk area, is located in the west of the Lut Block volcanic– plutonic belt, in eastern Iran, about 125 Km northwest of Birjand city. The Tertiary magmatic activity in the Lut Block is spatially and temporally associated with several types of mineralization events (Karimpour et al., 2012). The prospecting area covers a significant part of the Lut Block that includes numerous cases of Cu± Pb± Zn vein-type mineralization, such as Shikasteh Sabz, Mir-e-Khash, Rashidi, Ghar-e-Kaftar, Howz-e-Dagh (Lotfi, 1982), as well as kaolin deposit (Cheshmeh Khuri area) in the neighboring area. Mineralization in the Shurk district generally described by Lotfi (1982) and Tarkian et al. (1983). Any author has published no minutiae study regarding fluid evolution and ore genesis at the Shurk district. We present and discuss geology, alteration, ore petrography, geochemistry, and fluid inclusion microthermometry, which help clarify the ore genesis of the Shurk area...

1-Introduction Separation of geochemical anomalies from background has always been a major concern in geochemical exploration (Nazarpour, 2018. The Malayer-Aligudarz-Isfahan metallogenic belt with the north-westsouth-east trend is the largest and most important Pb-Zn belt of MVT type in Iran (Rajabi et al., 2012). Khondob 1: 100000 geological sheet as a high potential area is located in the north of Malayer-Aligoudarz-Efsahan Pb-Zn metalogenic belt. Various statistical methods have been used to process geochemical data in order to determine threshold values. In this study, classic statistical Mean+2SDEV), Singularity Index (SI) analysis, remote sensing, weight of evidence (WofE) and structural analysis methods, have been applied to separate geochemical anomalies from background of the Pb and Zn metals in the study area...

1-Introduction Groundwater salinity and contamination, especially in carbonate formations, are one of the most critical challenges of water resources management. Carbonate formations in folded Zagros play the role of reservoirs not only for oil but also for water. The study of contamination sources shows that sometimes, tectonic conditions, spatially in Zagros Folded caused interference and adjacent salinity sources from the oil field brine with high-quality karst waters resources. In addition to hydrocarbon contaminants, due to the existence of evaporative formations such as Gachsaran, that are rich in salt minerals, salinity can be infiltration by leaching to the karst water resources. The entry of pollutants from oil reservoirs and evaporation formations reduces the quality of water and creates environmental problems. Therefore, recognizing the contamination and understanding the mechanism of this process can help to determine the location of the contamination mixing point and provide a solution for the discharge of water before contamination. Sargrou is one of the famous springs of Dehloran city which due to the high salinity and the presence of some pollutants is not exploited and the spring water contaminated Dehloran surface water and groundwater. Due to the importance of Sargrou springs in Dehloran area and the qualitative effects of this spring on other water resources, in this research, the hydrogeochemical characteristics of spring water were evaluated...