Police Historical Studies
Year:2017 | Volume:4 | Issue:13|Papers Count:6

In threshold of the Qajar period, Iran was in the midst of international relations and created several territorial issues. The assignment of the various frontiers was determined in the early Qajar period until the time of Nasir al-Din Shah. Iran and the Ottomans had long-standing relations, and they had long conflicts in the border regions. Frontier challenges continued during this period, mainly as diplomatic efforts. In addition to political and diplomatic efforts, these disputes were written in the form of some booklets on border disputes. The manuscript of the "Guideline Booklet on Iran-Ottoman border disputes" in 1309 AH, containing Guidelines and training for the Amī rNeẓ ā mGarrū sī , the Governor (Wā li) of Kermanshah, Kurdistan, SainQaleh and Gerrus, who was secretly sent. The purpose of writing this treatise was to help maintain boundaries and to respect Iran's right against the claims of Ottoman agents regarding security and strategic considerations. In this research, in addition to studying the Iran-Ottoman boundary differences in a descriptive-analytical manner, the introduction and analysis of the manual version of the booklet and border issues has been addressed. Accordingly, the main question of this study is that: based on the Guideline Booklet, what is the borderline situation in western Iran in the late Nasser period? Research findings indicate that the contents of this version, according to the explanations contained in the text, contain security, geographical, political and social information to preserve the western borders against the Ottomans, and recommends that the ruler of the time preserve and develop the western regions.

Security measures in Karim Khan Zand era to create calm and order, taking into account the pastoral life and agriculture among the people of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, which are reflected in both residential and non-residents' history in the region, can be explained in two ways of dealing with the rebellious tribes, and creating order through the creation of a garrison in the Chaharmahal. In the turbulent period of the 12th century (18 A. D), which is unique in terms of chaos and rebellion of tribes and nomads, led to the destroyed the security of roads and places, and delayed the normal life of survivors in various parts of western Iran. This research, which has been drafted in a historical way, has been proposed by the question of how and in what way is the process of establishing security in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari region by Karim Khan? In response to this question, the research hypothesis is that Karim Khan Zand has been using various methods such as the encouragement, granting of tax liability and the assignment of local order and security to Khans, to enforce sovereignty over the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and to create order and security. Other tactics, such as the policy of displacing tribes and nomads or taking hostages their heads, were also used. The findings of the research show that this process in the local dimension has caused relative security and prosperity of the North-South communication, and in the country level, with the expansion of Khan Zand, it had a huge impact on the organize of peasantry, businessmen and travelers.

The policies of the Pahlavi had significant and profound implications for the space of the Iranian society. The elites as the community's picked, have taken the most influence from it. The authoritarian nature of the Pahlavi regime was mostly aimed at preserving and maintaining the government and preventing unrest and opposition at the community level. These policies, along with various elements, such as the interference of foreign countries, unrest and chaos after the exile of Reza Shah, and the 28 Mordad coup d'é tat, inflicted great damage on the country's elite community as well as on other strata. The regime programs have been widespread and often aimed at harnessing and guiding the community towards tyranny and monologue; therefore, this paper tries to answer the question of how security and political pressure influenced the suicide of the elites? According to the findings of the study, Pahlavi's policies influenced the securiting of the political sphere, repression in the society, censorship of the press, and the establishment of institutions in line with this approach, along with other stressors in the country in the suicide of the elites. In particular, this effect can be seen in the case of MohammadolikhanTonekaboni. The continuation of this policy led to the suicide of Ali Akbar Davar, with the escalation of security measures, the containment and dismissal of politicians. In the era of Mohammad Reza Shah, this policy was accompanied by numerous problems of the country. SadeqHedayat's suicide was the result of security measures, censorship and repression of Mohammad Reza Shah's government and the events of the 1320 decade. So, the foundation of SAVAK (Organization of National Intelligence and Security) and the policy of repression and strangulation, desperate and disappointment Iranian community about the future and led to the suicide of some of the elites.

Law enforcement-security bureau, have always been one of the most important bureau in Iran's Islamic bureaucracy in the early Islamic centuries and even afterwards. The functions and duties of these bureau usually range from military, law enforcement, intelligence, financial, religious, and even private spheres. Meanwhile, the controllership bureau in the concept of the inspection and intelligence system, in terms of jurisdiction and duties, was one of the most important and indispensable bureaus. The grounds and necessities of this tribunal date back to the Ancient Persia and the beginning of the formation of the institution of governance in Iran. Along with the transition of the Sassanian bureaucracy system to the Islamic period, the controllership bureau was transferred along with other Iranian bureaus to the Islamic period and evolved. Though initially adopted by the Abbasid Caliphs and their Iranian ministers, this bureau was actually in the periods of Ghaznavid and Seljuk, which evolved and took its final shape. The status of this bureau in the hierarchy of the bureaucracy system, the main concept and function, and the scope of its duties and powers in these two historical periods was not the same, and a serious development has taken place in this regard. The explanation of this development is the main issue of this research. Findings of the research indicate that the controllership bureau in Ghazni era was more of a kind of intelligence system that mostly had a security function, but during its transition to the Seljuk period, its main function was changed, and during this period it was mostly a kind of economic inspection system with economic function.

The existence of security is one of the basic needs of any society, as the Quran has pointed out, and considers the social peace of the people to be security-dependent, and insists that the Islamic society should have full security, and people must be physically and mentally in complete safety. In this research, the fundamental question is, how was the Prophet's sake as providing security to the early society of Islam? the research hypothesis is that in the tribal community where ethnic conflicts played a significant role, the Prophet (PBUH), in order to overcome these barriers and provide security, carried out effective defense and law enforcement actions inside and outside Medina, which could be The title was considered as the first security measure for the early society of Islam. The findings of this research, which was obtained through a descriptive-analytical approach, showed that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in view of the sphere of society was tribal and tumultuous, has taken important steps to secure security in the early Islamic society, such as treason and brotherhood among muslims.

In many historical periods, the Iranian society consisted of three communities: urban, rural, and tribal. The three communities were divided into three different lifestyles: rural, urban, and tribal, due to factors such as lack of livelihood facilities and security issues. In the Nadir Shah period, Iranian triple community divided to many local congregations such as district, clan and military clusters. Such congregations create a structural dichotomy encompass to separate the lords from townspeople till governmental relationship hierarchy. Due to this problem, this article seeks to find answers to this question: what linkages exist between local congregations with governmental relationship hierarchy in the reign of Nadir Shah? In order to answer this question, this paper by using the historical method with data collection library of the primary and famous sources to describe the position and the role of different congregations such as Congregation, security, tribe, military clusters and relationship hierarchy in determine the position and role of different communities in security the reign of Nadir Shah. Nadir Shah, in addition to integrating the members and structure of urban, rural, and tribal in his army, tried to consolidate his government by reinvigorating the rule of the Qirxli clan over other tribes, while securing society in different parts of the country. Nevertheless, his excesses in the provision of civilian posts and the army to Afshar commanders in the absence of a rival opposition to them provided the ground for the Weakening and overthrow of the rule of the Afshar ruler.