JOURNAL OF MAZANDARAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Year:2000 | Volume:10 | Issue:27|Papers Count:15

Background and Purpose: Rodents Ectoparasites play important role in transmission of diseases such as plaque, recurrent fever, Typhus etc. A study was conducted to determine rodent ectoparasites in sari city and central region of sari in 1997-1998.Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive study, done on rodents living in sari city and the central region (the distance of 5 km. From city), the animals were trapped by installing hunting net randomly in different places of the areas under studying. The prey was slices of bread and cucumber soaked with oil, etc. After anaesthetizing and writing all the external characteristics, the body was bruched over on a water container in order to isolate the parasites. After collection of ectoparasite from the water container they were preservated in 70% alcohol to be identified by wet mount method. Also the necessary information about the rodent and alcohol were written in special form to be analyzed statistically.Results: In this study the total number of 196 rodents belonging to five species were hunted which whereas following 3 (29.3%) Rattus norvegicus, 45 (35.7%) Rattus rattus 12 (9.5%) of 25 (19.8%) of original species of Glisglis 7 (5.5%) of wild species of Apodemus sgluaticus. Of these 45 (35.7%) mice were infected with one or more of ectoparasites. Contamination was observed only in Rallus Rattus, Rattus norvegicus, and the other species were not contaminated. Also the isolated ectoparasites were as following, Rihipicephalus, Hoplopleare, Opiliacaridae, Echinolaelaps echidnini.Conclusion: The result indicated that the rate of contamination with hunted rodent ectoparasites in the area of under studying was 36.7%. Contamination was observed in Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus species, but was not observed in the other hunted rodents, due to the type of the living conditions. Since the isolated ectoparasites are important medically, veterinary point of view, hence eradication programme of the rodents along with ectoparasites are recommended, so after the death of the rodents the ectoparasite not to invade residential area.

Background and Purpose: Collection of blood for the measurement of PT and APTT time in routine diagnostic laboratory work, and even for the anemic patients in Iran is done as 9 parts for blood and 1 part for sodium citrate (3.6%). While in some diagnostic lab kits and reference books, adjusted citrate volume with the value hematocrits (Hct) is recommended. In this study a comparison between the results of PT and APTT test in anemic patients without adjusting citrate volume was done.Materials and Methods: This research was Basic- applied, and done on 80 anemic patients, PT and APTT tests were done in two tubes for each patients. In one tubes the routine citrate ratio was 9 to 1 and in the second with Adjusted citrate according to the value of HCT by using biomerive kit and coaggulometer instrument. The result of each tube reported separately. The results were analysed by T- student test.Results: The mean difference of PT between two tubes was 0.3 second and for APTT was 1.15 seconds.Conclusion: Adjustment of citrate volume according to the value of HCT has no significant difference in the rate of PT and APTT with the time when nonadjusted condition aie using the name routine concentration of citrate (9 to 1) clinically as well as statistically.

Background and purpose: Infertility means, couple not having a child for a year after married life, is one of the most important socio-health problems of different societies.A lot of variations in it"s prevalence rate has been reported; some reports state that the prevalence rate is 0.5% to more than 3%.Therefore, since the determination of infertility rate is important in futhur planning of health and treatment programmes and also since it has never been done in Mazandaran province, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of infertility in central region of the province.Materials and Methods: Sampling was done randomly from 15 regions of sari, Ghaemshahr and Neka cities and also 50 villages affiliated to these cities. The reproduction history was obtained by home interviewers with the women, coducted by two groups of medical and midwifery students.Results: The prevalence of infertility in this study was 13.2% out of which 4% were unresolved infertility.There was no statistical correlation between familial marriage and infertility, but the correlation between familial history and infertility was significant. 29.4% of infertility women had at least one experience of spontaneous abortion, while it was significantly lower in fertile women (16.3%).Conclusion: The high prevalence of infertility necessitates a programme of assisted reproduction in health service centers and can be used for setting up such centers for the trearment of infertility.

Background and purpose : Helicobacter pylori is the most prevalent infection in the world, particularly in the developing countries, which usually leads to gastritis, gastric ulcer, deoudenal ulcer, even gastric cancer and lymphoma.Considering the importance of this infection and its different prevalence rate in various provinces of the country, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of helicobacter pylori among the persons of 7-18 years of age in Sari township during 1999.Materials and Methods: Some 400 students were selected randomly from the primary, secondary and high school.Primarily, personal characteristics like the age, sex, civil region, Socio-economic status i.e. fathers-occupation, parents education, dwelling situation, foundation area, the number of family members, address, the amount of used water and the type of management in school were recorded in the forms. Serum samples were examined for the existence of Ab IgG by ELISA method and kit of HPG screen made by Genesis diagnostic company of England.Statistical analysis of the results was done by SPSS and X2 test.Results : According to the results, the prevalence rate of H.P. was 19.2% (accuracy 95%, 17.2-21.2)therefore, there is a statistically significant relationship between the prevalence of H.P. infection and the age or educational status (P<0.002), Socio-economic status (P<0.04), fathers education (P<0.02), mothers education (P<0.006), foundation area (P<0.0005), number of family members (P<0.002) and the type of management in school (P<0.05). But the other variables like; Sex, fathers occupation, residential place, history of digestive problems in the subject, his parents, dwelling situation and the type of water used, had statistically no significant relationship.Conclusion : The prevalence rate of H.P. infection in children of 7-18 years of age is high in Sari township and an extensive study on its clinical importance is recommended.

Background and Purpose: Cyproheptadine (CYP) is an antihistaminic and antiserotonine agent with specific property which differentiates it from the other antihistaminics and antiserotonic agent.The appetite stimulating effect of (CYP) is well documented in man but its effects on the blood glucose and liver glycogen are not the same. Hence this study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of (CYP) on the level of blood glucose and liver glycogen.Materials and Methods: In this study a group of 28 rats with weight of 95 grams were selected, in order to determine the effect of different doses of (CYP) on the blood glucose and liver glycogen, the animals were divided into five groups as a control and four experimental groups. Each groups was kept in separate animal cages. The rats of experimental groups were fed 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg of (CYP) per Kg of body weight daily for 14 days and the effect was determined on the level of blood glucose and liver glycogen. Statistical analysis was done with the help of Anova test.Results: the level of glucose in control group and the experimental groups I,e 2,3,4 and 5 were 82.39, 110.32, 109.4, 120.54 and 121.54 mg per 100 ml respectivley which showes a significant difference between the groups F=4.43, P=0.008.The level of liver glycogen in control group and the experimental groups I,e 2,3,4 and 5 were 142.86, 83.06, 7.92, 9.13 and 26.1 mg per gram of liver tissue. There was significant difference between the groups F=26.88, P=0.000Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the effect of (CYP) on glucose and liver glycogen level is hyperglycemia with a reduction in the level of glycogen in liver tissue

Background and purpose: Oxyuris vermicularis is one of the main hygienic problems in the world specially in children under 2 years of age. Over 40 million Americans specially children are infected by oxyuris vermicularis. One of the complications of parasite is its role in causing vulvitis. Since the parasite is more prevalent in girls than boys, this study was conducted to show the rate of prevalence of oxyuris vermicularis and vulvutis in girls between 2-5 years of age in kindergardens of Sari.Materials and Methods: Samples were collected by scotch tape method from all children of 2-5 years of age. Vulua of the children were examined by a midwife under the supervision of specialist. Informations about itching, edema, erythema and vulva itching, vaginal excretion, pruritus and bed wetting were recorded in a questionnaire. Other informations like age, education, occupation of parents, Family members, the number of siblings, the number of children in each class and their baby sitters, cleanliness of nails, beds and their informal habbits, bathing, disinfection of fomities and bed sheets, the presence of physicians in kindergarten, hygienic card for baby sitters and the children infected with oxyuris vermicularis were recorded in a questionnaire and the children infected to oxyuris vermicularis were examined by scotch tape method.Results: From the total number of 217 children under study, 64 (29.5%) were infected to oxyuris vermicularis and 38 (17.5%) persons had vulvitis, and 13 (6%) persons had vulvitis along with oxyuris vermicularis, and there was no significant relationship between oxyuris vermicularis and vulvitis by X2 statistical analysis. 34.2% who had vulvitis, were infected to oxyuris vermicularis too. There was a significant relationship between the age and oxyuris vermicularis infection (P<0.001), between vulvitis and age group (P<0.05). between oxyuris vermicularis and using fomities (P<0.01) and between vulvitis and itching of anus (P<0.05).Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of oxyuris vermicularis infection and its role in vulvitis and the limitation in the studies in this field, it is necessary to have a proper planning for the improvement of health and the agents of causing vulvitis.

Background and Purpose: Basically, The muscle spindle is innervated by γ - fibers, γ - fibers are divided into phasic and tonic groups on the basis of their function. It is believed that phasic one γ innervate all the muscle spindle fibers where as tonic one innervate only tonic muscle spindle fibers and phasic of type two. The purpose of this study was to observe the fiber activity during phasic and tonic stretches in muscle spindle of rat tail and their effect on the sensory afferent fibers. And more knowing about physiologic mechanisms of γ-fibers, afferents and the way of controlling them will provide significant help in control of patients with rigidity and distonic move ments. Materials and Methods: In this study, 15 normal male Sprague-Dawely rats with mean 500 gram weight were selected. General anaesthesia urethane (30 g/100 ml) with the dose of 170 mg/100g body weight and laminectomy was done in part of lumbosacral. Results: During severe stimulation of external ear of anaesthetized rat, γ fibers activity increases and affect afferent spindle fibers, so that, La fiber showed more activity compare to group II afferent fibers. Stretches in muscle spindle first inhibits the activity of γ neuron fibers, after releasing of stretches physic and tonin γ fiber will be active. In phasic stretches activity of la afferents of muscle spindle will be more and more while than group II afferent fibers while the tonic of amplitude of Depolarized la decreases. However two sensory fibers are active. Conclusion: Following γ-mononeuron activity, muscle afferent fibers shown the depolarized amplitude in the same spindle segment or even one or two segments upper. In a way, always muscle spindle activity had stimulfaneous fluctuation with time. Any way both the afferent fibers are controlled by γ ring. γ is under control of nuclear activity of central nerve. And in continual resting position La activity was not clear.

Background and Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease, and its epidemiologic study in risk group people plays important role in controlling of this disease.This study was conducted to determine the purified protein Derivatives (PPD) reaction in Municipality street cleaners which is a T.B. diagnostic method.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study municipality street cleaners were under studying, because of being high risk group on the basis of their job status, awareness of T.B spreading, economic condition and the high number of households. The clinical trials and laboratory test including PPD was done. And appearance of induration more than 10 mm diameter was considered positive.Results: In this study 160 street cleaners of mean 44±8 age group were under studying, out of which 43 (39%) had positive PPD response and 41 (91%) of them showed induration of 10-15 mm, 4 (9%) showed induration of more than 15 mm. The smear preparation of sputum of all the street cleaners was negative for tubercle bacilli. And chest X-ray of them did not show any lesion of the lungs.Conclusion: This bacterium is persistant in the region due to geological condition and bacterial characteristics. A proper health education program me for prevention of the spread of the disease can be important for the health improvement of the society.

Background and purpose: There are many cases of Thalassemia major in mazandaran province, and cholelithiasis is a known complication of all hemolytic anemias. In order to evaluate the incidence of this complication in Thalassemia patients of Sari city, a descriptive study was designed and performed in two hundred thalassemia patients referred to Thalassemia control center.Materials and Methods: The assessments were done by Ultrasonography by two radiologists. GE machine RT 2800 model of Ultrasound was used. The patients were such as kept in 14 hours fasting condition.In sonography the informations such as liver size and Echogenecity, the shape and size of gall bladder wall, portal system, bile ducts spleen and portal system, as well as, sex and age were registered. The patients with previous history of stone formation along with cholelilithiasis were considered as positive.Results: The total incidence of stone formation was 14% (15.4% in females and 11.5% in males) in these patients. There was a correlation between the incidence of cholelithiasis with increase in age of the patient.Conclusion: Due to the high incidence of this complication in thalassemic patients, it is recommended to include Ultrasonography in routine examinations of these patients, in order to prevent such complications in the thalassemic patients.

Background and Purpose: The prevalence of Hepatitis B in USA was reported 0.5- 0.1 % while in Iran is 1.6- 6.5 %. It was reported that the titer of antibody three days after vaccination was 79-90 %. The titer of antibody decreases with the pass of time, and age has a significant role in the respones to vaccination. This study was performed in order to evaluate the HBS titer after vaccination against hepatitis and the rate of its decline as time passes in the nursing staff of Gaemshahr Razi Hospital.Materials and Methods: This was a Cross- sectional study, done on 183 nursing staff. 4cc blood was collected from each person at the same time vaccination was repeated. The history of vaccination was reported in a questionnaire paper by the same candidate.HBSAg and HBSAb were measured quantitatively with using Euro kit by ELISA method.Results: 1.6 % of staff was HBSAg positive. 54.1%, 13.1% and 10.9% staff received vaccine three times, two times and once and 86%, 71% and, 55% of them had antibody titer more than 10 mu/ml respectively.21.9% of them were not vaccinated, but 12.5% of them had antibody titer more than 10 mu/ml as time pass there was a decline in antibody titer. So that 94.1% of them in the first year declined to 67.8% in the next fifth year and the age above 40 years had a negative effect on antibody formation.Conclusion: Old age and numbers of vaccinations has a significant role in the responses to vaccine, and with time the titer of HBS antibody declines, so a booster dose should be considered.

Background and Purpose: Neonatal conjunctivitis which mostly occurs after birth, has a high prevalence rate according to the world statistics (0.4-18.9%). But its statistical value in our country is not known. Standard prevention methods are costly and not accessible.This disease can lead to corneal ulceration, blindness and infection.In this study, Povidone Iodine 2.5% was used for treatment of conjunctivitis regardless of its ethiology to determine, whether this drug which effectiveness and safety has already been proved in previous studies, could prevent or reduce neonatal conjunctivitis or not?Materials and Methods: 1130 neonates born in nursury of Razi hospital in Ghaemshahr were studied during 1997-98. The study was double blind in which Betadine drops 2.5% was used in one eye of the neonate immediately after birth and the other eye of the same neonate was treated as control. Then during two visits in two consecutive weeks, the positiveness of conjunctivitis was noted by visiting preformer.Results: The preventive effect of the drug was desirable during the first week of treatment because the eye which was not received the drug developed conjunctivitis 1037 times more than the eye which received the drug.But during the second week the difference was not significant in two eyes.Other important findings include, higher conjunctivitis rate in neonates born by normal delivery as compare to cesarean section (P<0.001). Conjunctivitis was more prevalent in boys as compare to girls during the first and second week (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between premature and full term and also between intact membrane and premature rupture of membrane.Conclusion: As regard to the low cost of the drug and its availability and also the positive effects of this drug during its use in first and second week of birth, its extensive use is recommended for prevention of neonatal conjunctivitis.

Background and Purpose: In hospitals or the other health service centers which deal with the life of the human resources who are the main economical resources, the main required information for planning and effective decision making are provided to managers by Medical Record Department in format and chart. This study was designed and performed in order to determine the rate of Medical record knowledge of the Managers in hospitals and the other health service centers under studying.Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive and done on 24 and 12 managers from Mazandaran and Golestan provinces respectively. The data were collected in closed and open questionnaires filled by the managers.Results: This study showed that 10.15 (66.6%) managers of educational- treatment centers and 12.9 (90.4%) managers of treatment centers had weak or very less knowledge of Medical record, but the rate of the knowledge of the managers in Educational-Treatment centers was more than in treatment centers. The data were analyzed by X2 test which showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). 31.36 (86%) of the managers had non-management University degree. 5.36(13.8%) of managers had management University degree, but none of hospital management. The jop service of 26.36 (72.1%) and management experience of 29.39 (80.5) of the managers was one to two years. 5.36 (13.8%) of them were diploma or completed two-year university course and the rest had bachelor degree or higher. 19.34 (55.8%) of the administrators Medical record had diploma or under diploma. The main inefficiency of medical record was due to ignorance of the physicians and paramedical staff. And the main reson of unestablished medical record committee in these two stats was due to no request from the medical record administrators.Conclusion: For inhancing the optimization of hospital it is better to appoint those who are qualified in general management or hospital management and also the selected managers attend different workshop, and the present managers abserne different short courses on medical record subject. In order to increase the efficiency of medical record in order to receive proper records the medical record staff preferably be selected from the bachelor degree or the higher.