DANESHVAR RAFTAR
Year:2004 | Volume:11 | Issue:7|Papers Count:11

The multiple nature of perfectionism including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social aspects requires one's high expectations of him or herself and others as well as others high expectations of oneself. In addition to psychological pathologies, interpersonal problems might be explained by these expectations. The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and interpersonal problems was investigated in this research. Fifty students (36 girls, 14 boys) were participated in this study from Tehran University. They were asked to fill out the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (llP). The results showed that dimensions of perfectionism significantly related to interpersonal problems: other-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of submissiveness, intimacy, and controlling; socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of sociability and responsibility; and self-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of responsibility. No significant difference was found between boys and girls in terms of perfectionism and interpersonal problems.  

The aim of the present study is to identity effective factors in successful and unsuccessful Marriages of University students 136 married students were non-randomly selected as examinees, and they filled out the Spanners Marital Adjustment Questionnaire. Descriptive-analytic method used in the study. T test and ANOVA were analyzed Results revealed that the influential factors in successful marriages were as follows: mutual trust, proper verbal and non - verbal communication based on well association and agreement on basic matters of life such as making business decisions, setting life goals, education, child bearing policies, spending the time together, leisure time activities, pregnancy, and sexual relation. There are also certain private, family, and social factors influencing married university students' adjustment as; spouse's job, how to meet and get acquainted with each other, problems solving method, and the place or person they refer to in case of a dispute. Results also showed that age, field of study, educational status, and educational level does not play an important role in their patrimonial adjustment.  

Epileptic patients are more prone to cognitive problems. Epilepsy per se may lead to cognitive impairments or it may intensify the already available impairments. A variety of factors have been known to affect these impairments, including: neuropathology, seizure type and age at seizure onset, psychosocial problems and side effects of drug therapy. Treatment of epilepsy may improve cognitive disturbances through decreasing or controlling seizures. A group of 50 epileptic patients with partial (simple and complex type) and generalized seizures, with cognitive disturbances, initially examined before the onset of treatment program and then again after 3 months when they were seizure free. Some of the cognitive functions, such as intelligence (verbal, practical and total), memory, spatial perception and self-image were examined through psycho neurological tests. Patients were between 20 to 40 years old, and their education was at least third grade of Junior High School. None of the patients had used any antiepileptic drug about 6 months before starting treatment and carbamazepine was prescribed for controlling seizures. Findings indicate that observed deficits in intelligence and memory, improved after the seizures were controlled and it was statistically significant at P<0/01 level, while no statistical improvement was observed in spatial perception and self-image for the patients.  

The aim of the present study is to identify the relationship between self-esteem with mental health aspects and academic achievement. For this purpose, 525 students (224 girls and 301 boys) were randomly selected and studied. The results showed a significant relationship between self - esteem and mental health (A, S, C, D, and in general) aspects in both sexes generally. Of comparing the observed correlation of the two groups (concerning above mentioned variables) did not show a significant difference. It should also be mentioned that no significant relation was observed between academic achievement and self - esteem, whereas with mental health in general and anxiety and sleeplessness a significant relation was observed both in general and in boys group. Comparing the results of two groups showed a significant difference in self-esteem and critical depression variables between two groups showed significant difference among the other research variables. The interactive effect of sex and educational level was only significant in social dysfunction.  

This is a comparative study to show the rate of remarriaging among martyr's spouses and widows. The main questions of the study were as follows: the rate of remarriage, basic preventive factors of remarriage, the condition of matrimonial adjustment, the rate of matrimonial adjustment and finally the variables which had relation with matrimonial adjustment. The research is descriptive and the used instruments were SCL90 tests, researcher made and Enrich matrimonial adjustment questionnaire. The examinees were 450 widows (243 -martyrs' widows, and 207 widows of deceased people) who randomly selected among widows of Tehran. The results showed that 24.5% of widows had remarried. 36% of those had matrimonial maladjustment problem, and 16% of them were at the verge of separation. Only the age of women was found as the variable correlated with the matrimonial adjustment. Other variables such as martyrdom, education, family relationship with the present spouse, and marital status of the present husband did not have a significant relationship with their matrimonial adjustment. The major factors preventing these widows from remarriage were, worries about the future of their children, lack of tolerance and desire for remarriage, not knowing appropriate candidates, and loyalty to their late husbands. Results also showed that the major disorder symptoms among widows are physical disorders, obsession, depression, anxiety and paranoia which were observed more frequently in ordinary widows as compared with martyrs' widows.  

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of gender and social class differences on locus of control in a group of Junior high school students. 144 students at second and third grades of school were randomly selected by using a cluster sampling procedure. Subjects completed the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale, which were adopted for Iranian population by Khair (25). Khair (25) extracted the following three factors from the scale via factor analysis: 1) power against hopelessness and helplessness, 2) resistance against involvement with parents, resistance in attainting aims and resistance against powerful figures, 3) chance and fate against attempt. The results showed that girls and boys were not different in total score and in second and third factors of the scale, but girls were superior with regard to power against hopelessness and helplessness factor compared to boys. Also, those students whose parents have high education were superior in the following factors compared to those with low educated parents: 1) power against hopelessness and helplessness, 2) resistance against involvement with parents, resistance in attainting their aims and resistance against powerful figures. Finally, by concerning the second factor of scale those students having parents with high - level jobs obtained greater scores compared to those students having parents with low -level jobs.  

Scientific theories have metaphysical foundations whether explicitly expressed or these foundations play important role in development of scientific theories in almost all aspects of development. Considering new metaphysical views as new foundations could lead to providing new scientific theories. In this article, Islamic views on human nature are suggested as new foundations for developing the humanities particularly psychology. In this suggestion, the human is considered as agent whose action is based on three bases, namely belief, desire, and will. According to this view of human, determined principles for explaining the action would be possible. These principles are suggested: Rationality, decision - making, challenging, self-deception, systematic distortion, and helplessness. In order to show that this view is needed in psychology, an analysis is accomplished the Skinner's theory of action. Even though he insists that intentionality, as well as intention has been accounted in his theory, it is argued that his style of explanation is mechanistic and falls short of explaining intention and intentionality .