Journal of Persian Language and Literature (University of Tabriz)
Year:2020 | Volume:73 | Issue:241|Papers Count:13

After the composition of the great work of Molavi called “ Masnavi” , different explanations have been proposed for it by different scholars through the pass of time. Currently we can observe the viewpoints of different literary writers and through comparing their views we can understand that: up to now there have been very varied outlooks towards the verses in Masnavi in explanations approaches utilized by the different thought schools. As we investigated about the word “ Rostam” known as one of the six symbols of the myths proposed in descriptions of Masnavi, proposed by Forouzanfar, Shahidi, Jaafari, Estelami, Zamani, and Golbinarly we found the response for the question that what was the outlook of those who explained Masnavi encountering myth symbols. Although in Masnavi, Rostam is often known as a complete humane sample because he is believed to be a national hero and Malavi has put him next to Imam Ali (PBUH) and Hamzeh, prophet’ s uncle, the results of studies show that the explaining scholars have noticed the role of myth symbols only partially and they have not mentioned anything about the mythology history of Rostam. They have translated the verses related to Rostam colloquially and did not considered the myth and mystic characteristics of him. On the whole they have ignored to refer Rostam as an epic hero which the symbol of a complete human in the thoughts of Molavi.

Any text linkes to the mind of the audience and the world by paratextualites. Nafahat ol-ons is including Jami's prose works which has the ability to be survey paratextuality. In this research, Nafahat ol-ons's paratextualites were identified and divided into two categories according to the genette's theory and investigated. The outer and inner elements of paratextualite in Nafahat ol-ons have been formed proportionally and fit with main text. On one side, each of these paratextualites deep down the audience's understanding and realizing and on the other side guide the audience how to use this work. Different people have created this elements, including author, scribe, publisher, editor and andandother critics, researchers and writers that of all these, author and editor have a great role in thetext readings. Also critics, researchers and writers have presented other paratextualites in various formats, have provided the possible of more communication with the text and its advertising and criticism. The maximum number and most important outer paratextualites of Nafahat ol-ons related to the time that this book was written.

Trilogy is one of the oldest genres in dramatic literature and Western fiction. Famous writers from ancient Greece to the present have created phenomena; that literary criticism community, considering specific criteria and strong configuration, in terms of definitions and examples, has known them as trilogy. In recent years, this genre has entered the Persian fiction literature, and in the form of screenplays, short story collections, and novels, a few phenomena whose most important phenomena of fiction are the subject of this article, it has emerged in this direction. Since trilogy is new in Iran, and Iranian scholars have not explained its nature and criteria, this research tries, the degree of conformity of these phenomena with the trilogy writing coordinates found in the valid definitions of this genre; also reflect on the famous and index trilogy such as "Oresteia" by Achilles and "Three Colors" by Kieslowski. Based on the findings of this study, the Iranian authors of these phenomena did not have a comprehensive and coherent idea in your mind of the trilogy concept and its coordinates and criteria; therefore, their phenomena can be considered more or less trilogy with tolerance, and basically none of them are fully qualified in this area.

Mystical – Old pattern criticism is one of modern critical surveys, which it was changed during 20th century by presenting Young’ s theories. One of methods for Young’ s criticism proponents in analysis narrative literature texts is investigating Pirang’ s stories and examples with Old pattern events. In current study, we have been investigated Physician Borzooyeh unique character, his mental evolution as a narrative hero, reality follower human with Old pattern criticism and new method with 2 consequences of Pirang’ s. Borzooyeh ( Hero) life according to pagoda consequence during first and second life stages was accompanied with mental challenges and adventure. (Midlife crisis) He researched about religion follower and life correct path selection in mental struggle stage and also he avoided medical science ( mask) and prevented moral rogues ( shadow) and he chose good actions and virtue regarding and he went to India dangerous trip( unconscious) by inviting Anooshiravan ( ambassador) and Pirang’ s conduct. He searched books ( growth and totality ) in special territory and by helping assistant and guidance of trustworthy friend ( Old wise) achieved Indian books treasure and he gifted their for territory people. In returning to Iran; trip cycle was completed from own to himself and he proved mental evolution by refusing of award acceptance and he showed himself individuality and mental growth complete process and he reached to supreme and amplitude degree.

Postmodernism is one of the latest literary schoolsand it is to some extent the latest stylistic evolutionwhich has happened in today’ s literature. This school coincides with some political and social changes in the Seventieth solar decades in Iran, and mostly entered into the literary works, through the translation of theoretical texts and it attracted the attention of a number of poets and commentators. Although this movement is completely new and fresh, it is strange and intangible among some critics and audiences, especially because those kinds of literary works could not be definedby standard works of their kind. This article attempts to discussand understand what has happened in modern poetry, called Postmodernism. So to clarify the complexities and strangeness of the movement in Iran, Linguistic, Semantic, Aesthetic, and Form, in some literary works were taken into deep consideration. And then for further explanation, examples of poets attributed to this movement (mentionedby magazines and genealogy books and critics) were mentioned. This research has shown that, to understand the original examples of post-modern movement, there is a need for a new definition in the field of poetic elements, because some of the topics mentioned do not have a precedent in Persian poetry.

Iraj Mirza and Ahmed Shawqi have many similarities in terms of artistic personality. One of these is the impact of the La Fontaine's fables. Both Iraje Nira and Shawqi have produced numerous poems following La Fontaine's fables that there are some similarities and differences. Iraj Mirza is one of the great poets who in the constitutional era gave successful translations of the La Fontaine's fables. In his poem "The Crow and the Fox" he used his artistic ability to translate native and Persian elements into his poem by making numerous changes and created independent poetry. Iraj Mirza's translation of the poems of La Fontaine is one of the main manifestations of modernity in the themes of Persian poetry that it has a variety of features in the localization of vocabulary, themes and imagination. Studying each of these cases will be very helpful in analyzing the course of comparative literature in Iran. Shawqi, on the other hand, has opened new doors to Arab poetry by deepening the work of renowned Arab poets and influencing European literature, especially France. Some of Shawqi's poems quoted from the animal language come from his successful works. Shawqi became proficient in the art with the influence of La Fontaine.

The breadth and depth of lyric literature concepts along with the diversity of examples of this genre are concerned amongst the brilliant features of Persian literature. While the creation of other types of literary in some course of history shows some weakness, the lyric literature has faced with the chance of growing and steady evolution. But what in the understanding of various aspects of the genre as a point of ambiguity has ability to be considered and followed up is that under effects of what barriers, the lyrical prose works in respect to the verse forms and types of it is significantly lower in number. The lack of determined and proposed theories in Persian prose methods make it difficult to find an answer to the latter question. Therefore, in the first place, by referring to the catastasis to the prose works and the written books we try to obtain some of the definitions and criteria of Persian prose, so that through juxtaposition of the requirements for presenting the lyrical words with the frames of Persian prose composition the barriers of the growth and spread of the prose lyrical works become more clear. Since the present study concentrates on the theoretical components, criticism of analysis of literary texts and lyrical prose pieces to view and four theoretical factors have been introduced as possible effective factors for low quantity of the lyrical prose in Persian literature.

"Absurdism" is a thought that is rooted in various factors such as ideal poverty, materialism, lack of purpose, death thinking, failures, and so on. Some see "absurdism" and "nihilism" as two identical categories; but the fact is that the two are semantically different. Among contemporary writers, Sadegh Hedayat, an Iranian intellectual writer, and Samuel Beckett, an Irish writer, are the messengers of absurd philosophy. The authors' aim in this paper is to make a comparative study of "absurdity" with an emphasis on two well-known works, "The Malone Dies" by Beckett and "Blind Owl" by Hedayat. The collected material analyzed shows that these two authors show the world the influence of the Surrealist school, absurdity and despair; the difference is that Beckett's ideas and theories in this story are closer to "philosophical absurdity" and Hedayat’ s ideas are closer to the views and theories of the "nihilists".

The concept of representation and the ability of literary texts in representing historical events have been long focused in literary studies. The process of shaping narration in historical events should be considered in studying the historical anecdotes, the ones with the focus on historical characters or events that have presented the history in a different style by applying magical, miraculous or symbolic elements in representing historical happenings. Therefore presenting a new perspective to anecdotes of gnostic texts in order to clarify the process of inverting these events into story and making these characters literal will find special importance. The narration of Hussein Ebne Mansour Hallaj can be considered as a successful model of literary representation of one historical event and revival of one historical character in a gnostic text in which representing Attar’ s destiny has been converted in to a single artistic effect apart from its historical aspect. In this text, following a reference to the place of representation concept in literary studies and analyzing the artistic representation of historical events, sorting and analysis of these anecdotes in Attar’ s Tazkirat al-Awliya has been done through using a definition for historical narration. The result of this text reveals that Attar has tried to make clarifications about his targeted gnostic discourse by using historical events and converting them into series of literary anecdotes and narrations.

Halimi Shirvani is an anonymous poet in the early tenth century. There is no exact information about his life except a little information obtained from various biographies especially his poetry. Due to the various and little information, biographers have made some mistakes about Halimi who has written about culture and the owner of Bahr al-gharayeb. It is clear that he was one of the Indian-style poets who was born in Shirvan in the early tenth century, traveled to Gilan and Qazvin, and then migrated to Levant in the middle of his life. Halimi's poetical works include more than 6550 verses, which have not yet been reviewed and corrected, and its only copy is kept in the Lala Ismail Library in Turkey. These poetical works include qasida, ode (ghazal), quatrain (ruba’ i), fragment (qit’ a) as well as six epistles and three poems. His poetical works show that Halimi had been able to compose artifact poem, odes without dot, mystery and chronogram. He is an iconoclastic and a norm deviation poet; as he has repeatedly called himself "the inventor" of a kind of ode or a special manner. The present article introduces this anonymous and prolific poet as well as reviews his cognitive style features and poetic themes.

Emotional divorce is among the social crises that insidiously threaten the modern family stability. Emotional poverty in marital relationship interferes with the role of the family in providing the family health, and consequently the social health. A few fictional works observe, alongside representing the social events, the emotional divorce. The present paper studies the two family-oriented base on emotional divorce and Literary, Linguistic and Sociological characteristics following an interpretative research method and combining the issues extracted from them. These fictional works including My Bird and The Dream of Tibet (by Fariba Vafi), which have been selected due to their family-oriented nature, their popularity, and the numerous awards they have won. Emotional divorce has been analyzed at the literary level according to the story elements (Subject, Tem, Character, Dialogue, Atmosphere, Conflict). At the linguistic level has been studied and at Sociological level has been identified and studied causes and consequences of emotional divorce. The studies show that the low level of verbal and emotional relationship, Lack of empathy, feeling lonely, Husband's Failure in Family Commitments are the main factor in causing emotional divorce and the concealment, adaptation, leaving home, Inclination to the opposite sex are the female characters' primary strategies for dealing with emotional divorce.

Climate stories often reflect commonalities and elements such as culture, beliefs and customs of a geographical area. One of the five areas of Iranian climatic writing is the West Climatic or Kermanshah climatic field, which has an independent identity and its history is almost as old as modern Iranian fiction. Kermanshah climate is pioneering in creating labor literature and reflecting human rights equality ideas And it has played a major role in the novel. In this descriptive-analytical study, material and spiritual elements of culture such as language, words and idioms, poems and proverbs, food and clothing, etc. Like most writers in Kermanshah, Yunsi chose the style of realism for his novels. Qualitatively analyzed in the works of Ibrahim Younesi, one of the prominent figures of Iranian climatic literature. And the analysis is over. The studies revealed that the main features of the West's climatic features in the Younesian novels were that his novels were considered among the finest works of Western climate literature.

One of the ways of life continuation of the myths is their modification into tale or story, especially vulgar tales. One of such stories is “ Gol & NoWrouz” of “ Khajooy-e-Kermani” in which one can notice the ancient myths and legends. In this paper, the mythical deep structure of this story has been scrutinized based on familiarization (social acquaintance) rituals and symbols. The authors of this paper assume that one can notice the traces of familiarization ceremonies and rituals in the deep structure of these stories. According to this pre-assumption and by analyzing the contents of these types of stories, adjustability of these stories with familiarization ceremonies has been proved. One can notice most of the elements and ceremony phases of familiarization such as isolation, separation, death, rebirth, enlightenment on the tree foot and hard tests (torture) of the knowledgeable old person (guide) in these stories In addition to these, there are other symbolic elements and ancient patterns which are connected with the main theme (familiarization) and they have been analyzed accordingly