JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (UNIVERSITY OF ISFAHAN)
Year:2007 | Volume:2 | Issue:50|Papers Count:7

The Ghalzaies' (Ghandeharies) invasion against the Safavid capital which led to its overthrown in 1135.A.H/AD.1722 has been cpnsideredas one of the historicalcrisis eras in Iran. During this critical era which lasted up to the' formation of Qajars in 1210 AH/AD. 1795, Iran's central government collapsed completely and there arose an opportunity in which some rebels came into existence here and there throughout the country. Considering the recent situation as well as the Safavid government's over thrown, there was some evidence of people's inclination toward those who were, in a way, related to the Safavids.The aim of this article is to explore into this matter and also investigate Shah Ismael (III) Kingdom as one of those who had been selected as the king by Bakhtiyari and Zands' heads. In the courses of this research and along with it, we pay due attention to different stages of his kingdom (Shah Ismael III) and his end, then we deal with the necessities arisen in selecting by Agha Mohammad Khan in the early 13th AH. century.

The elites take great measures to reform society structures. Doing reforms is not without political consequences. Reforms usually lead to crisis and political instability. This article analyses relations between reforms and the political instability in the Saljuqid empire. It explains reforms in three periods: Khajeh Nezam ulmulk ministry, Abulghasem Dargazini Ministry, and Kamaledin Khazin ministry. Khajeh reforms caused structural conflicts in the empire. The conflict was also active at two other periods that defeated reforms.

With its specific tendencies, Sufism emerged during the particular milieu of the Ilkhanid period. Construction of monasteries and house of dervishes became prevalent and discontent with rulers attracted the ordinary people to these places. Similarly, the sly and the cunning who were eager to take advantage resorted to svch places. It was during such an atmosphere that Safi al-din Ardebili, living during the Ilkhanid rule, attached himself to Sufism in order to establish his positi.on and keep and develop his estates and properties. This paper has as its aim an investigation of the condition, behavior and relationships of this Sufi who lived during the Ilkhanid period.

Compilation and printing of school books followed the establishment of the first school during the Ghjaried Dynasty in Iran. It was part of social reform of the constitution and the era after that This study aims at reviewing the development process of school text books in Isfahan. The statistical subjects of this research include all school books from the beginning to the end of the Pahlavied era printed in Isfahan. The researchers referred to libraries, museums and private collections using documentary and trend study in order to find out the historical developmental process and quantity and quality of school books. The results suggest that Isfahan was one of the main centers for compiling and printing school books in Iran. Isfahan was, in fact, one of the first cities which had major printing presses and qualified authors in this field.

Tabriz has been visited by many travelers in Aq-Qoyunlu and Safaved dynasties. They described it as a lofty city on the north side of Mehran Rood; however, the description in some cases seems beyond reality.Up to this time, what researchers know about the complex called Saheb Abad square (Tabriz square), surrounded by palaces and monuments of Aq-Qoyunlu and Safaved dynasties is limited to the library information taken out of travelers' description and the structure of Saheb Abad square which has been built on the remains of this square in the Qajar era.The present article is based on the common points of Travelers' descriptions, research in and out of library, the architectural style of region and beyond it (considering space and time).The results seem to have identified some unknown remains of the architecture of Iran after Islam and the architectural gaps related to the architecture in the Safavid era.

A rough little sculpture of the Parthian period, in shallow relief and much weathered, was carved high up in a cliff-face of the Alvand gorge, near Sar-e Pol-e Zohab. It is one of the important sculptures of the Parthian Period. It hasnot been studied closely so far. It shows two figures in Parthian dress. One, mounted, wears a diadem, his face being turned towards the spectator. Before him stands a man represented fully frontally, who stretches out his hand to receive some object from him. The theme is evidently the established one of a ruler bestowing an honor on a dignitary. Both figures were identified by some lines in Parthian script, but those by the standing man are no longer legible, while by the rider all that can be certainly made out is: "This (is) the own image ofGodarz, king" (ptkr ZNH NP$H gwtrz MLKA RBA BRY gyw MLK RBA ...).This relief has been carved in the time of Godarz II kingdom, but some analysis and ambiguities have been resulted in some problems toward this work. Unfortunately, despite the historical importance of this work, it has not been treated worthily and has not been introduced appropriately up to now. In this essay, in addition to the examination of scattered and different views of the researchers as to historical, archeological and linguistic scope, it has been tried to specify the appropriate place of this relief as one of the most important documents remaining from Parthian arsacid time, to confirm some historical events behind it.

Different news about an event could provide historians to reconstruct the past more tangibly with varied angles. The event of Qom in 1927 in which Haj Aqa Nourollah protested against the new government system has also been viewed differently. This topic has already been investigated mainly based on the internal documents. This event also mirrored in the foreign reports during that time. The circumstances of the event were reported to the British Consulate in Tehran and to the Foreign Ministry in London. This article at the same time endeavors to reconstruct the event based on the British documents in comparison to the Iranian ones and reveal their consistency and importance. Here also the article will approach in some extent to the military service code and its reflection in the Iranian society during the movement.