JOURNAL OF BORDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2021 | Volume:10 | Issue:2 (37)|Papers Count:7

Flood risk assessment and zoning in urban settlements due to their development along rivers, bed and floodplain plains without recognizing and paying attention to hydrological and dynamic conditions of rivers and upstream parts of the basin that increase flood risk and cause loss of life, life and property is necessary and important for the sustainable development of urban settlements. Iran, especially Khuzestan province, is no exception and is always at risk of floods. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to assess and zone the vulnerability of urban settlements in Khuzestan province to flood risk. In the present study, after identifying the effective factors in the occurrence of floods in Khuzestan region, to access digital information from topographic maps with a scale of 1: 50, 000 of the Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces and also a Land Use Map with a scale of 1: 100000 of the Forests and Rangelands Organizations have been employed. Then, after creating the information layers, fuzzy hierarchical analysis methods were used for standardization and weighting, and finally, based on the weights extracted from the fuzzy AHP method in the GIS environment, flood risk zoning was performed. The results of flood zoning showed that Khuzestan region in terms of flood vulnerability is divided into five areas of very high, high, moderate, low and very low vulnerability. Areas with very high vulnerability with an area of 14, 177 square kilometers about 23 percent, areas with high vulnerability with an area of 20, 077 square kilometers about 32. 7 percent, areas with moderate vulnerability in terms of flooding about 9, 509 square kilometers and 15. 5 percent, and areas with low and very low vulnerability, with 11, 355 and 6, 303 square kilometers, respectively, cover about 18. 5% and 10. 3% of the area of Khuzestan province. Also among about 37 important cities located in this province, 18 cities are located in areas with very high vulnerability and 12 cities in areas with high vulnerability in terms of floods. The results of combining the models of decision support systems and GIS in confirmation of previous studies indicate their high efficiency in determining areas with high risk of floods and it is necessary to consider them in the planning and land use processes, especially the risk assessment of these zoned areas.

The economy of Baghdad in the period before the arrival of Al-Buwayh was weak due to the policies of the Abbasid caliphs and their weakness and lack of support for development and economic affairs. The city of Baghdad was in ruins and huge taxes were levied on the people, which caused dissatisfaction among the people. Given some of the barriers to Iran's relationship with neighboring countries, including Iraq, the need for proper communication with an emphasis on border interactions seems necessary considering the proximity of the two countries. Iraq is one of the most important border countries with Iran. Therefore, the relations between the two countries have been economically important. The reign of Al-Buwayh, the Iranian caliph, over Baghdad is significant because some of the Buwayhid emirs, such as Mu'izz al-Dawla, Izz al-Dawla, and Azd al-Dawla, had an impact on the economy and the welfare of society in Baghdad. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The main question of this research is whether the neighborhood and borders had an effect on the economic growth of Baghdad during the Al-Buwayh period and consequently the growth of trade and commerce. The results of this study show that the secure position of the borders during the Al-Buwayh era for trade caravans has effects on the economic growth of countries and trade caravans. In this regard, the rulers also built dams, bridges, civil engineering, and secured roads to facilitate the movement of trade and commercial caravans, which this study addresses.

Recognizing the potentials and weaknesses of the areas adjacent to the border can be the best approach to the spatial development of rural border areas, a development that arises from the existence of the border and its capabilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of factors affecting the spatial development of border rural areas in Gonbad Kavous. In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive-analytical study, which is based on a researcher-made questionnaire and field studies. SPSS and GIS software have been used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the research consists of border villages of Gonbad Kavous city. The sample size for the statistical population using the Cochran's formula is 364 items that were selected using a simple random sampling method. The main research tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of academic experts and researchers in rural areas and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0. 790) to the desired level. The results of linear regression model show that out of 6 components proposed from the perspective of the study community (border villages), 5 components have a significant impact and only 1 component has a non-significant impact, which has the most relevance and impact on improving the component of direct economic competition and the level of significance is 99%. After that, the components of environmental protection, spatial integrity, hazards and quality of life improvement have a significance level of 95%. Also, the average desirability of the factors affecting the spatial development of border villages in Gonbad city shows that, respectively, the component of economic competition with an average of 3. 73, the component of cooperation and spatial integration with an average of 3. 26, the component of environment with an average of 3. 12), the risk component with an average of 3. 07, the quality of life improvement component with a numerical average of 3. 04 and finally the component of strengthening the participatory approach with an average of 2. 21 are the lowest component in the spatial development of rural areas, respectively. Only the component of strengthening the participatory approach in the studied villages has not been able to affect the spatial development of these villages. Therefore, according to the data analysis results, the hypothesis "Among the factors affecting the spatial development of border villages, the factor of improving economic competition in the desired area plays the most important role" is approved and significant.

Border areas are among the geographical spaces that, despite their high capacities, are sometimes neglected in accordance with their specific conditions. In recent years, tourism in border areas has been one of these capacities that has been considered to some extent and along with it has formed the competitive advantage of tourism in these areas. Based on this, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and with an applied purpose to investigate the competitive advantage of tourism between the Baneh border region and the border areas of Jolfa, Piranshahr, Marivan and Mako. The present research has been done in two stages. The first step is to gather the information needed through library studies. In the second stage, based on the information obtained from the tourism situation of the study area, tourism goals for greater competitiveness of the city in the horizon of 1404 were proposed, then the important strategies to achieve these goals and tourism capabilities of the study area were entered in Meta-SWOT software. The results show that the lower price of foreign goods compared to other parts of the country, the existence of multiple shopping centers, strategic border position and high social security have the highest degree of strategic fit with macro factors and is a high competitive advantage for the Baneh border region. On the other hand, negative propaganda against border areas, lack of proper infrastructure for tourism development, international sanctions, government discrimination in allocating facilities to border areas were identified as the biggest obstacles to tourism development in Baneh city.

In the present era, the transition from the model of comprehensive urban plans to strategic planning has been considered due to its combined nature, flexibility and dynamism in order to solve future problems and developments. On the other hand, border cities are one of the most sensitive points due to their proximity to neighboring countries. Therefore, in this study, the border city of Astara port has been selected as a case study due to its special location. The main purpose of this study is to identify the capabilities and obstacles in the border city of Astara port and analyze effective strategies in the development of this city. The present study is quantitative. The statistical population in this study is the residents of Astara and the samples were selected using simple random sampling method. To collect the data, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 200 residents of Astara. The SWOT matrix has been used to analyze internal and external factors and the QSPM method has been used to prioritize the strategies. The results of the research indicate that the outcome of the strategies developed for this border city is in an aggressive position and the three strategies of using the strong edge of the Caspian Sea in order to use the potential of attracting foreign tourists, strengthening the coastal and border markets to increase tourism, and the economy prosperity of the city by creating the platforms for holding events have the highest score of attractiveness, respectively. This means that with proper and principled planning and by taking advantage of the strengths and opportunities of this city, we can take steps towards sustainable development and economic prosperity of this city.

Security for border areas is one of the political and military priorities of any country. Having high security on the one hand has a great impact on the way of life, behaviors and actions of individuals and on the other hand provides favorable economic, social, cultural conditions and mental concerns. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the social factors affecting the sense of security in the border villages of Kalat Naderi city. In terms of method the present study is a survey study (quantitative), and in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type. The required data has been collected from the community using a questionnaire. The reliability of the items was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (above 70%). The statistical population of this study was all residents of border villages of Kalat Naderi city, including nomads and villagers of border villages, from whom a sample size of 297 individuals were selected using Cochran's formula and proportional sampling method. The obtained results showed that the mean scores for the sense of security was 4. 84, family attachment 3. 61, social trust 2. 74, and national-religious identity 2. 67 (in the range of 1 to 5). Examining the relationship between the variables, the findings showed that there is a significant correlation between the variables of sense of security and social trust, the incidence of crime in the village and the family attachment. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the sense of security and the sense of national-religious identity. The results of multivariate regression analysis also showed that the factors of social trust, the incidence of crime in the village and the family attachment predict the sense of security.

The Nagorno-Karabakh region is one of the security subdivisions of the South Caucasus region, which has long been a point of contention between the two governments of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia. Conflicts that have been violent from the beginning and the latest case can be seen in the war between the two countries from September 27, 2020. Its geographical proximity to the northwestern borders of Iran, common historical heritage, the existence of identical ethnicities and races, the efforts of powerful countries to gain influence in this region, has made its security considerations more important for the Islamic Republic of Iran than other countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to answer the following question: "What are the sources of tension and threats of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict for the border security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? " The research method is descriptive-analytical. The most important factors of tension and threat in this region were explained by reviewing the sources. Research findings show that the presence of Syrian terrorists on the northwestern border of Iran; Israeli intelligence, security and military presence in the northwestern border wall of Iran; escalating military tensions on northwestern borders and disrespect for international borders; and the intensification of separatist movements are the most important threats to the border security of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to the conflict.