ARABIC LITERATURE
Year:2025 | Volume:17 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

Today, there are new approaches in the field of literary criticism, one of which is psychoanalytical criticism. Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism that applies some themes and methods of psychoanalysis to literary texts and gives interpretations of these texts. One of the theories put forth in this field is Ervin Yalom's psychodynamic therapy theory, which explains the four ultimate concerns (fear of death, freedom and responsibility of choice, loneliness, and emptiness) and provides solutions for their treatment and reduction. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, the aforementioned concerns and their treatment solutions have been analyzed in the novel "Zahr al-Laymoun and other stories" by Alaa al-Dib in the light of Yalom's approach. The results of the research show that the four concerns and their treatment methods are visible in the text of the novel. These four apprehensions are mostly seen in the main characters of the stories in the novel, and the other characters were surprised. Also, by examining the concerns mentioned in the text of the novel, it was found that out of a total of 88 cases, the loneliness component had the largest share among other concerns with 42 cases. The component of emptiness with 26, freedom and responsibility with 13 and fear of death with 7 items are in the next ranks.

Linguistic processes are always involved in creating a kind of narrative of the world in order to create discourse categories with views based on worldview. Linguistic processes of confrontation and synonymy play an important and effective role in shaping the worldview of texts. Leslie Jeffries (2010) is one of the few linguistics researchers who has drawn a model for gaining insight into the potential worldview impact of texts by recognizing textual contrasts and synonyms and how to regulate this textual phenomenon alongside the more established tools of critical discourse analysis. The types of negative, transitive, superlative, displacement, privileged, explicit, parallel, and comparison contrasts, as well as relational, expressive, and metaphorical synonyms are the components suggested by Jeffries in order to discover the hidden ideology of the text. This research has been done with the method of critical stylistics and with the aim of explaining the contradictions and ideological synonyms in the speeches of the Secretary General of Hezbollah of Lebanon, Seyed Hassan Nasrallah, which was made on the occasion of the Al-Aqsa storm operation, based on the point of view of Leslie Jeffries. The result of the research indicates that the examination of conceptual relationships in the textual structure of contrasts and synonyms of Nasrallah's words is aimed at presenting worldview categories. . Also, synonyms seek to shape the common worldview of the society in the fight against the occupying regime.The estimation of the weak presence of metaphorical confrontations is indicative of the frankness of the speech in order to quickly receive the audience from the lower layers of the text and the active presence of negative confrontations in the wake of negating or marginalizing the legitimacy of the Zionist system in the minds of the world community.

In Americanli, Sonallah Ibrahim criticizes the American colonial policies on the lower class by examining the racist images in America. This article aims to answer the question of how much Gayatri Spivak's theoretical foundations have been represented in this novel. In response, it should be said that the current research aims to reveal the strategy of appropriation and ideology of the colonial world by analyzing the dialectic of the center and the periphery and othering. And by examining the racial oppression of colonized people, she presents the bourgeois ideology of the colonizers' capitalist classes in the text and represents the opposition between the West and the East and the historical process of the subjugated in the novel. The results of this research indicate that, by showing the centrality of superior European imperialism, Ibrahim expresses the issue of bourgeois and epistemological violence of dominant Western colonialism in the form of oppression of the black minority. He reflects the voice of the subordinates of the society and depicts the lack of agency and commodification of the political objects of his novel who were forced to remain silent and did not have the right to express any opinion

Characterization in the stories from Classic to postmodern course has been faced with many changes, entering postmodern, the theories of great- philosophers such as Foko has affected deeply the manner of anolysing personals of the stories. Since action and reaction of personals from the Story, forms the story.   So the Kind of Studying a Personal helps us to have a better understanding of the story. Each concept is a function of speech that comes from power and knowledge. Studying the kind of speech and the power coming from knowledge, we can knows these actions and reactions and even we can predict them. Provides fixed power for thinking of personalities and their operant. What foco puts forward as power does not have a negative meaning. this article from Foko’s point of view studied personalities and so studied the kind of power coming from speech and forces, we have studied his way of personalogy. So, the personals of the story have been studied to get more carefully their reactions. In this study, they resulted that personals won’t accept dominant speech or help it in some way or will be changed to a subject unconsciously. Subject is infact placing personalities in speech position

Identity refers to the set of attitudes, characteristics and attitudes that distinguish a person from others. Adapting the discourse governing the novel with the principles proposed in the theories of discourse analysis is a way to understand the social and cultural impact of the ideologies ruling in a society on the formation of identity among its people. In the current research, the issue of identity in the novel "The Survivor" by Anaam Kachachi is investigated based on the theory of "Norman Fairclough" and by the method of critical discourse analysis. The findings of the research indicate that the discourse governing this novel was influenced by Kachachi's religious and family background, and on the other hand, it was formed based on the representation of the political, social and cultural conditions of the author's society in the second half of the 20th century. Through the character of Taj Al-Moluk, Kachachi aims to transform women's protest from a purely gender issue or a union issue into a political-social issue and to criticize the burdensome taboos of women. The author introduces the story of an example of a successful woman from the language of the first person and further points out the impact of the presence of these women in the society on the girls of the new generation of Iraq and their entry into the political scene. Meanwhile, the national identity due to the forced migration of the novel's characters from their homeland, and parallel to that, the gender identity affected by the author's ideology, among other types of identity, are the most prominent in the novel. According to the identity theory of Marcia Taj-al-Moluk, the main character of the story has a successful identity and Vodiyan has an early identity, and Mansour is on the border between late and successful identity.

Examining the literary works of theory is one of the new methods, including Jacobsen's communication, based on discovering the depth and multi-layeredness of these works. Jacobsen, one of the founders of the role-playing school of linguistics, believes that every text has six emotional, persuasive, literary, empathetic, referential, and metalinguistic functions that the speaker and receiver are its main elements, and communication is without these two meanings. One of the famous novels of the Arab world, "Season of Migration to the North" by Tayeb Saleh, a Sudanese writer, describes British colonialism and society. It is important to address this work from the perspective of examining communication goals; Because, according to Jacobsen's point of view, every text has multiple messages, and the rhetorician conveys a metatextual message to the audience with common gestures. In this essay, the authors have analyzed the six functions in this novel with descriptive-analytical method and relying on this approach. The results indicate that the author conveys messages about social and cultural issues, colonialism, identity and alienation, inferiority and discrimination to the readers by using various communication channels, and the audience finds themselves in a world of messages by reading this work. Also, sometimes a phrase has several functions, which shows the author's skill in conveying concepts and reflecting the atmosphere of society and contemporary human sufferings and trying to correct it through literary language. By using this theory, we can gain a better understanding of the structure and functions of communication in this novel and better interpret its complex and multilayered messages

Riffaterre's theory is one of the most important modern critical methods that seeks to clarify the concepts of literary works, especially contemporary poetry, and tries to discover mysterious literary concepts and convey them to the readers of these works.  This theory is based on two types of reading;  The first reading is exploratory reading and the second reading is post-active reading, which is used to separate the basic concepts of the text in order to understand its most basic meaning. The authors of this research analyzed two odes from the poetry collection of Jassim al-Sahih, a contemporary and outstanding poet of the Arab world, which in a way represents his poetic style and circumstances by applying this theory of semiotics, in a descriptive and analytical way. One of the results obtained in this research is that the poet has borrowed a lot from the homeland, nature and living creatures in writing his poems and identified with them in order to convey many great poetic concepts to his audience.  Although most of his poetic concepts are discoverable for the readers, their complete understanding depends on the reader himself and his analytical method, which the use of Riffaterre's critical method helps significantly in this matter.  Despite the fact that he has hidden a part of his existence and history in the shadow of his verses, his poetry is alive and dynamic in the passage of time in sync with nature for the use of humans