JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC DENTAL ASSOCIATION OF IRAN (MAJALLAH-I-DANDANPIZISHKI)
Year:2004 | Volume:16 | Issue:50 (Special Issue of Pediatric Dentistry)|Papers Count:10

Background and aim: Periodic and regular fluoride therapy significantly reduces caries prevalene in children and adolescents. Nowadays, a lot of different kinds of fluoride gels are used in the dental office and determination of fluoride ion uptake rate by enamel is a good way to evaluate the efficacy of these products. The aim of this experimental study was to compare fluoride ion uptake rate by the enamel of permanent teeth after the application of "Cina" gel and an ADA standard gel (Sltan).Methods & Materials: Forty intact permanent premolars Nere divided into buccal and lingual halves with diamond disks under to water. Buccal halves were considered as cases (Fluoride-applied) and lingual ones as controts. A half-circle (6mm diameter) adhesive tape was applied to the enamel surface and other parts were then covered with acid-resistant polish. After adhesive tapes removal twenty buccal halves were exposed to "Cina and the others to "Sultan" gel. After four minutes, the specimens were susppended in 5ml synthetic saliva for 24hours at 37°C. Afterwards, each specimen was etched for 30 seconds in Ice of O.5M Acid Percholoric in two sequential stages and in each stage, the window was washed with 0.2M KOH solution. Measurements of fluoride and calcium concentrations were carried out using Potentiometer and Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Data were subjected to Paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and wilcoxon Signed Rank test.Results: Results showed that mean fluoride concentration of cases was significantly higher than controls in "Sultan" group (1824.4 ppm vs. 1449.6 ppm, P=0.000 in the first layer of biopsy and 2032.5 ppm VS. 1310.5 ppm, P=0.000 in the second layer). In Cina gel group, there were no significant differences in fluoride concentration of two biopsy layers in cases and controls (1521.7 ppm vs. 1450.3 pp m, P=0.316 in the first layer and 1385.8 ppm vs. 1387.6 ppm, P=0.951 in the second). In both layers, the mean fluoride uptake rates were higher in "Sultan" than "Cina" group (392.8 ppm vs. 71.4 ppm, P=0.000 in the first layer and 722.1 ppm vs. - 1.7 ppm,P=0.000 in the second layer). Conclusion: Considering the insufficient uptake rate of fluoride ion in "Cina" gel, it is suggested that 1hisgel has no efficiency in Increasing enamel fluoride content.

Background and aim: The goal of this study was to determine some of the epidemiologic factors of dmft and CF rate (caries free) among 3-5 year old children of kindergartens under the supervision of Behzisti organization in Tehran (2003). Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was performed randomly on 400 girls and boys, aged 3-5, from 32 kindergartens. Examinations were done by on explorer and mirror and x-ray was not used. Caries diagnosis was based on WHO guidelines and children with dmft=0, were considered as CF cases. General knowledge of children were asked from their parents through a questionnaire. Statistical tests including X2, t and one way ANOV A and LSD post hoc test when needed were used. Significance level was α=0.05 and Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the relationship between quantitative variables and dmft. Results: Mean dmft among the investigated children was 2.45 and means of "d", "m" and "f were 1.95, 0.43 and 0.07, respectively. The rate of CF, in this study was 48.3% and "Sex" did not have an effect on CF. Investigations showed that the rate of CF decreased mean dmft increased by age (P<0.001). Also, it was observed that parents education, mother occupation, the size of family and the grade of child's birth were significantly effective on dmft (p<0.05). In groups with low-level parents education and house-wife mothers, mean dmft was high and with an increase in family size and grade of child's birth, dmft was also increased. Conclusion: This study showed mean dmft in investigated children as 2.45 and the rate of CF as 48.3 which did not showed acceptable result. Children blonging to parents of low-level education had more problems.

One of the important subjects in preventive dentistry, during the past fifty years, has been t1uoride and its role in caries reduction. Experiences in fluoride application, by a lot of pioneer countries, have attributed a key role to this natural material in caries prevention. Uncontrolled use of fluoride in some past of the world, has caused dental t1uorosis. This problem has been focused by a lot of preventive dentistry specialists. Recent studies on t1uoride properties and its application are an indicative of attitude changes toward this material and have caused WHO and FDI to present special protocols for t1uoride use. The purpose of this article was to present the results of recent studies and view points of investigators on t1uoride application.

Background and aim: In dental caries procedure, the etiologic role of plaque is not deniable. The goal of this research was to evaluate the influence of two kinds of chewing gums containing xylitol and sucrose on the accumulation of bacterial plaque. through measuring plaque index. Methods & Materials: Ninety volunteer students were divided into three groups of A, Band C. After prophylaxis, students, at the first stage, were given gums containing sucrose or xylitol and asked to use delivered gums instead of brushing for 48 hours. The amount of plaque was finally measured by turesky plaque index. At the second stage, the type of gum was changed and plaque was again measured in the same way. (an interval of three days was between the first and second stages). Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software and t-student. Results: The comparison between these two groups showed that gums containing xylitol prevented plaque accumulation more than sucrose ones. In group A: average plaque in dices after using gums containing xylitol and sucrose were 1.88 and 2.28, respectively. In group B average plaque index after using sucrose gum was 2.03 and after using xylitol gum was 1.63. In group C, controls, which did not use any kind of gum, average plaque index were 2.13. Therefore, statistically significant differences were found, in plaque index, after using two different types of gums in groups A and B (P<0.001). Conclusion: Sucrose free gums especially those containing xylitol are recommended for microbial plaque elimination.

Background and aim: oral and dental health status of the mentally handicapped, as compared with the healthy population, has been poor and care paid to them has been minimum. The goal of this epidemiological study was to evaluate DMFf and its effective factors among 14-20 year-old mentally retarded population residents in special institutes authorized by Behzisti organization (Charity or governmental) in the north of Tehran (2001-2002). Methods & Materials: In this study 523 handicapped subjects (254 females, 269 males) were examined. The total number of handicapped was 535, from among them 12 persons, due to lack of cooperation, were excluded. The handicapped are classified to three groups based on IQ test: Educable, trainable and isolated. Examinations in educable and trainable handicapped were done with a plane mouth mirror number 4 (Hahnen-kratt, Germany) and straight explorer number 8 (Kicodent Germany) on a chair or dentistry unit in uncontrollable isolated handicapped dental examination was done on a bed using a wooden stick. Dental caries diagnosis was done according to Jakson and slack criteria. DMF was evaluated based on WHO recommendations. Quantitative data was analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and qualitative data by chi-square test. The effects of the following factors on DMFf were evaluated: Type of nutrition, method of oral cleansing, type of institute (Charity or governmental), the presence of Downs syndrome, age, sex and degree of retardation. Results: Mean DMFf was 4.83:t4.65 which was considerably higher than the normal population (=2). This study revealed that method of oral cleansing put a significan effect on DMFf (P<0.5). Age and degree of mental retardation had a statistically significant effect on DMFf, too (P<0.05). The number of decayed (D), missed (M) and filled (F) teeth was considerably in relation to the degree of mental retardation. The type of institute had no effect on mean DMFf, but between the number of D and F and type of institute was a significant correlation (P<0.05). Sex, mode of nutrition, presence of Downs's syndrome had no important effects on DMFf. The number of caries free persons was 95 (18.2%). Conclusion: The findings of this research revealed poorer oral and dental health status and higher mean DMFf of the handicapped comparing to the normal population. Therefore preventive and primary dental care must be stressed for the mentally retarded population.

Background and aim: Toothbrushing is one of the recommended methods for dental plaque removal. In order to achieve this goal having muscles coordination, necessary skills and ability in the instructed toothbrushing methods seem essential. The aim of this study was to survey the relationship between age and plaque removal ability in 7-11 year-old children in Hamadan. Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, 120 samples, age ranging from 7-11, were chosen randomly form primary schools in Hamadan. From each age group, 24 children (12 girls and 12 boys) were examined. Hygiene index was recorded for each sample after avoiding toothbrushing for 48 hours. Then each participant was asked to brush his/her teeth for three minutes using horizontal scrub method and the hygiene index (HI) was recorded again. The data was analyzed through t-test and one-way variance analysis. Results: There was significant difference between mean percentage of plaque free surfaces before and after brushing with no differences among different sexes. The mean percentage of plaque free surfaces was significantly different among various age groups meaning that with increasing age the percentage of plaque free surfaces was increased and this difference was highly significant between 11-year-old children and other age groups. Conclusion: Plaque removal was significantly different between 7 and 9, 8 and 10, 9 and 10 year-old-children. and 11 year-old children showed a greatly significant difference with other age groups. Thus, it seems that tooth brushing ability improves by improves age and this improvement can be observed after 9 years old, although in this study the brushing ability of 11-year-old children was also not at optimum level.

Background and aim: Mentally retarded children and people, because of their special physical status, need intensive dental care. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate their DMFT and its relationship with sex, age, degree of retardation and dental care. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 165 (105 males – 60 Females) physically and mentally retarded patients, 6-18 year old, at six institutes for handicapped authorized by Behzisti organization in Babol and Babolsar. These patients were divided into 6-9, 10-14 and 15-18 year old age groups. After clinical examination by mirror and dental explorer, the related data were analyzed using SPSS programme. Results: Mean DMFT in 6-18 year old handicapped persons was 2.31±2.92. Mean DMFT in 6-year-old group was O.54±1.21 and with increasing age in 18-year-old group was 5.46±5.02. Mean DMFT among males and females were 2.06±2.62 and 2.76±3.37, respectively. Mean DMFT in educable group was 3.94±2.88, in trainable group was 2.57±3.20 and in severely retarded group was 1.06±1.54. Conclusion: ean DMFT in retarded persons under study was similar to normal subjects at the same age. Mean DMFT, among these people, increased with age and was higher in females. Mean DMFT declined with increasing the degree of retardation. The level of dental care in these patients, was low.

Background and aim: A lot of children aged 6-12 years old experience CII malocclusion so having knowledge of the prevalence of this malocclusion can be useful in its prevention and early treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CII malocclusion among girls aged 6-12 years old in the west of Tehran. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 425 girls, 6-12 years old, from primary schools in the west of Tehran were investigated through clinical examination and a questionnaire. Each subject was examined under class light, on class chair and molar relationship, overjet, overbite, open bite and crossbite, crowding, diastema, rotation, congenital missing teeth, supernumerary teeth, cleft lip and palate, oral habits and premature loss of teeth were examined and recorded in the questionnaire. Results: In 65.2% of the children, CII occlusion was observed, out of it. 7% showed normal occlusion and 58.2% had malocclusion. The prevalence of different kinds of CII malocclusion was as follows: Midline deviation: 68.4%, increased overjet 31.6%, increased overbite 25.1% an open bite 4.9%. Tooth rotation in 31.6%, anterior cross bite in 0.4%, posterior crossbite in 5.7% and diastema in 5.3% of the subjects were seen. Conclusion: Based on the abore results, over half of the investigated children had cn occlusion, from them 7% showed a normal occlusion.

Background and aim: Correct diagnosis and treatment planning of oral habits require an accurate evaluation of not only occlusion but also familial and psychological factors and co-operation between dentist and psychiatrist can play an effective role in diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral habits and their relationship with cultural, familial and economic factors among school children in Mashhad. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 1000 school children (464 females, 536 males), aged 6-12 years old, from six different areas in Mashhad, were selected randomly. To collect the necessary information about general knowledge, parents education and job, the number of children and the presence of oral habits, a questionnaire was sent for parents. Samples without complete questionnaires were excluded from the study. Data were subjected to SPSS program and Chi-Square test. Results: The findings of the present study indicated that 52.3% of the samples had at least one oral habit and the prevalence of habit among children aged 10-11 was higher than other groups. In this study, the prevalence of mouth breathing was 29%, thumb sucking 3.7%, finger sucking (except thumb) 2.1%, nail biting 10.5%, bruxim 24.4%, lip sucking 7.7%, lip biting 9.6% and other habits 2.1%. All these habits, except mouth breathing and bruxim, were more common among girls, but there was no statistically significant relationship between habit prevalence and sex (p-value=0.88). Furthermore, factors such as parents occupation and number of siblings were also assessed, in relation to oral habits. Bruxism, lip sucking and biting were more common among children with unemployed, retired or prisoned fathers where as nail biting was more prevalent among children of doctors, engineers and professors. Nail biting and bruxism were more common among single children of the family and finger and lip sucking and lip biting were more in children with five or more siblings. Conclusion: According to these findings, it is suggested that nearly half of the school children in Mashhad are affected with at least one oral habit, with more prevalence of mouth breathing, bruxism and nail biting. No significant difference was found between different sexes, however, higher prevalence was observed among crowded and socio-economically poor families.

Background and aim: World Health Organization (WHO) and international federation of dentistry have considered the rate of DMFr at the age of 12 for permanent teeth in the year of 2000 and 2010 maximum as 3 and 1, respectively. The aim of this study was to assess DMFr status and factors affecting on it among 12-year-old children in Ardekan. Methods & Materials: In this observational, descriptive, functional study which was conducted cross-sectionaly, 607 samples (304 urban and 303 rural) were chosen randomly from guidance schools of Ardekan and its suburbs. In this investigation, the effects of different factors on DMFr such as accommodation status number of children, tooth-brushing status were studied and the maximum effect was attributed to tooth-brushing with a considerable decrease on DMFr. Data were subjected to Hest and Chi-Squre and compared by Variance analysis. Results: The rate and total standard deviation of DMFr in Ardekan was 1.453±1.5, that 1.647±1.533 in the city and 1.479±1.372in villages. Mean caries free people was 41%, in the city 40% and in village 42%. Mean decayed teeth (D) in the city and villages were 1.07 and 1.207, respectively. Mean extracted teeth in the city was 110% and that of villages was 46%. Mean filled teeth in the city and villages were 831% and 46%, respectively. Conclusion: Average DMFr based on sex was 1.092 for females and 1.987 for males in the city and 1.453 for females and 1.293 for males in villages.