GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2006 | Volume:38 | Issue:57|Papers Count:14

When tensions inside a country are not developed throughout the country, and are continued in specific regions, a sense of regionalism, as opposed to nationalism, develops among the people of the region.This sense something leads to the strengthening of decentralization, and as a result damages national unity. In developed countries, where the sense of regionalism is in its lowest possible level, what threatens the governments are governmental holes in which organized crime, without fanaticism towards local identity, challenges the existence of the governments. These holes can be social, cultural, or economic.Major holes in Iran’s government are: drug trafficking and distribution, growth of illegality, spreading of crime and threats to the health of the society, illegal immigrations, political decision making centers which are against the government, and those who challenge the governmental structure.To tackle these holes, governments employ similar and sometimes unique policies. Iran’s government is no exception. Regarding political holes, governments are very sensitive and specify huge budgets to abolish them. Governments are less sensitive to recognize and abolish social holes’ since the existence of these holes is not considered as a threat to the governments and mainly people suffer from them. Economic holes are sometimes created by the governments, and sometimes abolished by the governments to keep their bases.Finally, cultural holes which sometimes lead to the continuation of the governments are ignored by the governments and continue to exist.In this article, governments’ holes in general, and Iran’s government’s holes in particular are discussed.

In this research we have studied the roles and effects of ENSO atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon on seasonal rainfall fluctuations using multivariate ENSO index (MEI) in Eastern Azerbaijan Province. The results of applying Pearson analysis indicate positive correlation between MEI and precipitation in the stations under study, and among the seasons, the fall season has been showing significant correlation while in other seasons it was not the case. This is an indicative of the increase of autumn precipitation during the occurrence of El Niño (positive and warm phase in ENSO phenomenon), and on the contrary the precipitation reduction during the La Niña phase (cold and negative phase). Among the stations the maximum correlation of autumn precipitation with the MEI exists in Sarab Station and its minimum is in Tasooj Station. The calculated correlation coefficient rates between precipitation and MEI specify the effects of latitude on the amount of affectation from ENSO, implying that in Eastern Azerbaijan the correlation rates increase from east to the west and from north to south, the maximum of which can be seen in Sarab Station.

Nowadays, elevation models have come to provide a wide range of applications in various areas, thus serving as the basis for many research and developmental studies. As the objective of elevation models is the construction of the earth surface, and earth surface consists of relief's, the construction of elevation models would not conform to the earth’s nature without taking consideration of geomorphological conditions. On the other hand, as the elevation variable includes integrity and continuity, its changes are subject to direction and distance. Therefore, selecting the method for earth crust construction model by means of classical statistical methods is inaccurate. As a result, taking consideration of topographical conditions, earth statistical methods in interpolation, and elevation models modification methods is necessary in constructing elevation models.

The main rivers of the sahand Mt which drain water to two large basin, flowing into deep valleys. Those valleys have analysed regarding the change of riverbeds and the type of channel profile and attention is focused on the concavity of the valley profiles on this basis, we tried to determine the evolution of the Sahand's valleys and thus estimate their long-term evolutionary tendencies. Regression analysis between relative distance and altitude was performed for the longitudinal profiles of 11 valleys in the Sahand Mountain. Each profile can be expressed by one of exponential, power, logarithmic and linear functions. Most valley show a good fit to power functions. Different function types show different curvature of the profiles. Valley fitted with exponentions has small curvature, those fitted with power functions have small curvature and those fitted with linear functions show almost straight lines. The valleys have grouped according to the mathematical models or function which fits best: the exponential, power, logarithmic and linear functions. Finally we tried to conclusion with traces in field.

Riverbank degradation is one of important problems, which is currently influencing the occupation around this area. Considerable part of fertile riverbanks is denudation under overland flow and flooding in Iran every year. Therefore, to overcome this problem and erosion control, it is necessary to have analyzing flow hydraulic behavior prediction and also erodiable bank erosion to plan their controls. However, in this research, Babolrood bank erosion has investigated where 5.5 Km of the channel selected. After mapping at 1:1000 scale using HEC-GeoRAS 103 cross-section have introduced from the mentioned distance which is capable to link whit HEC-RAS and Arc View. Finally Manning friction coefficient identified from each one in bed and flood plain of both left and right side. After flow identification geometric characteristics and Manning friction coefficient to HEC-RAS software, water surface profile calculated in different return period. For prediction of erodiabl and sedimentation area max and min. rates of the channel bank shear stress for different return period identified and finally the erosional exposed area have cheeked in the field.

Standard Effective Temperature is the most comprehensive Thermal index that is ever presented. To find the standard Effective temperature in one particular place and in a special time, we usually use “The Standard Effective Temperature Chart” Planed by ASHRAE. It takes one minute to calculate one moment.When we want to use daily and hourly statistic so synoptic station for the periods of several Years, The above method is applicable because of the huge of data Therefore, we planned Software by Delphi language and Applied Neural Networks. This calculating plan for all of the data With Diagramic Method needs more 3000 Hours. However this software calculated all of Iranian data less than 45 minutes. To plan this Software, We utilized Excel, Access, Data fit and Matlab Software. It has 1540 lines of Program.

Managing of metropolises like Tehran is one of the hardest affairs. Especially that nowadays urban management organizations increase their functions and duties. Municipalities present so many civil, cultural, social … services for citizens, so, if we consider difference of urban life needs, we will see that the unique urban management is impossible. Urban division hierarchy is one of the tools that help urban managers to divide their responsibilities in some small part of city. Since the urban divisions are much important for non central management, so it goes without saying that this divisions should be done according to the correct and logical standards and criteria. This research tries to find some efficient criteria to determine the boundaries of “regions“as the second step of urban division hierarchy.

In desiring and construction processes of airports and especially, in flight line orientation, the wind plays a major role, the landing and flying path are usually constructed alongside the dominant winds, such that the velocity of lateral winds on flight line would be no more that 13 knote, or 15 miles/ hour, and it should absorb 95 % of the winds including the calm winds. In this paper wind roses of 16 directions have been drawn using a 17 – year recorded data for Ardebil synoptic station (1984 – 2000) in 8 readings and the software used was WR.PLOT. The aim was to be acquainted with the dominant regional winds on main and succeeding hours. Drawing polar wind roses 16 orients using AutoCAD software followed this. The frequency percentages of winds blowing in all 16 directions with the inclusion of 13 knots permitted lateral winds being perpendicular to the flight axis were then located on wind rose. Thereafter, the wind rose was divided by 360 degrees (each having 10 degrees of interval), various extensions of the flight and landing for different seasons were designed. It can be concluded from the study that Flight lines 5-23 and 6-24 could be absorbed 95% of the winds. The Flight lines 5-23 and 6-24 show 70 to 80 degrees rotation toward the right direction from the available flight line.

Distributing geographical information on the Internet is an enforcing factor for information providers. Internet allows all levels of society to access geographical information, and provides a media for processing geo-related information with no location restrictions. Web-based GIS is evolved from different Web maps and client-server architecture to distributed ones. As such, Internet reshapes all functions of information systems including: gathering, storing, retrieving, analyzing, and visualizing data. The high cost of GIS system, the release of system specific databases, and the enormous software developer efforts on upgrading the system are fading with the introduction of web-based GIS Moreover, disseminating spatial information on the Internet improves the decision-making processes.This paper examines the current Web GIS technologies with emphasis on architectures. Eight state-of–the-art Web GIS products from leading GIS companies have been scientifically assessed. This paper also proposes a web GIS development strategies starting from requirement analysis, and ending in GIS use and maintenance. Disseminating Iranian Road information on the Internet has been presented as a successful implementation of the strategy.It is concluded that the Internet based information delivery adds the margin of profitability of the Transportation and Terminal Organization. The proposed strategy has been tested successfully. Civilian can get to their destinations faster.

The environmental aspects of nuclear power generation in Iran were evaluated in this article. Rapid population growth and demand for the better standard of living in Iran leads to the considerable increase of electricity consumption in next decades. The electrical energy demand in 1430, will requires an installed capacity of around 120000 MW. In some countries, electrical energy is primarily provided from nuclear energy. Nuclear power generation emits virtually no greenhouse gases. Statistical calculations showed that 10 and 20 percent nuclear electricity generation in 1400 will reduce CO2 emissions from the energy sector of Iran, just in that year, by about 9.3 and 18.6 percent, respectively. External costs of electricity generation in Iran have been not evaluated. External costs of nuclear electricity generation were evaluated in this research. This study showed that nuclear technology is one of the safest and cheapest mean to generate electricity. In attempting to achieve sustainable development, potential of different energy technologies contributing to social risks and climate change ought to be considered. Nuclear electricity generation will play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals in Iran.

In a nutshell, the geopolitical implications of the September 11th events have appeared in two totally opposite directions: first, highlighting of the theoretical and objective aspects of the category of 'boundary' from a geoeconomical point of view, and second diminishing of such dimensions from a geostrategic perspective. These two geopolitical aspects, which like a two-faced Janus have opened new areas of study for the scholars and researchers of the field of geopolitics and political geography have brought about significant repercussions in the Middle East region. Generally speaking, these paradoxical implications have emerged in five geopolitical, territorial, demographic-ethnic, military-security, political-governmental, and geoeconomical dimensions within the context of the Greater Middle East Initiative. This article mainly argues that geopolitical developments occurring in the region arises from the change in the outlook of the international system towards the Middle East and refers to the principal core of the new international system, that is the security of the international system.

Urban sustainable development is a multilateral process. Thus, the concept of “sustainability “in the Metropolitan cities should be considered from different dimensions. The study of “urban security “is important and necessary because there is an unavoidable relationship and interaction between security and development. Security is both a basis of economic, social and environmental development and is affected by these mentioned elements. The traditional Approaches of “urban security” almost have been directed toward urban crimes one-sidedly, whereas security is a very complex issue.Nowadays, Tehran metropolitan city as the most populated pole of Iran has included the one –forth of urban population of the country. Through a high political –administrative centralized system, Tehran is the seat of all high - level managers and decision makers and plays an important role in management of national economy. Therefore, the emergence of instabilies in Tehran can risk the whole national Security in different levels.This paper attempts to investigate Tehran’s security instabilities based on the urban sustainable Development and offers a new opinion about the organizing of metropolitan’s security. The results show Tehran confronts with security instabilities from environmental social and economic aspects.