Social Welfare
Year:2002 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:7

In recent years, we have witnessed the concept of social capital incorporated into academic discourse and scientific documentations in the sphere of sociology, social sciences, economic, and recently political sciences. The reason for the increasing focus on social capital is because of the role it plays in enhancing the ability of communities to manage and sustain the human, economic and environmental capitals.Social capital is addressed as a factor for the success of social welfare and social health programs. That is why social capital is included in more recent systems of social and development indicators by the world's well-known organizations. This article is based on a comprehensive literature review chosen from the most recent publications which have played a key role in the development of the concept of social capital. It begins with defining social capital and its main components. Common themes in the literature come next. After noting an initial summary of differences between human capital and social capital, it examines the conceptual framework of the subject and finally discusses the relationship between social capital and social problems. The importance of trust in this process is also addressed.

Many countries in Asia is undergoing significant demographic, social and economic transformations which challenge the capability of social security schemes to adapt to new emerging needs and the problem of rising social security costs.The Republic of Korea established the first medical insurance Act in 1963. At that time, The Korean government decided to implement a voluntary insurance scheme in view of the difficulties encountered by individuals and enterprises to pay insurance contributions due to the low level of per capita income and the poor financial situation of the enterprises.However, with the successful implementation of three consecutive Five-year Economic Development Plan initiated form 1962, the Republic of Korea achieved notable economic progress as well as improvements in social welfare protection. In the fourth Five-year Economic Development Plan, the government re-examined the medical insurance issue in order to provide the population with comprehensive protection against diseases.In 1996, 97.9 percent of the population covered by the medical insurance program; the rest were covered by the medical aid program. The financial resources of the medical insurance system come from contributions paid by the insured person and hislher employer and government subsidies.For health care in rural areas, government-operated public health centers, health sub-centers and primary health care post have been established throughout the country.Health expenditure as a percentage of GNP in the Republic of further pursue more effective cost containment policies regulating the supply and demand sides as well as the rates of medical care fees which affect the entire medical market.The experiences of social security and medical insurance system of the Republic of Korea can be used in the countries such as Iran.

Despite the fact that individuals with mental retardation experience the same type and range of emotional disorders as the nonretarded Population, the choice of counseling or psychotherapy as a viable treatment option is rarely considered with this Population. This is such that even some scholars have identified the emotionally disturbed population of individuals with mental retardation as one of the most undeserved populations in terms of receiving mental health services. Time and time again they have seen that Children and adolescents who also posses less well developed cognitive abilities are readily taken by mental health centers and private practitioners. Yet they also observed the hesitancy, reluctance, and direct opposition, that those same service providers exhibit when faced with client with mental retardation.As a goal this paper tends to attract practitioners attention to better provide for the mental and emotional problems of those retarded. So as our First part we will discuss beneficial features of counseling and psychotherapy and also we will talk about effective elements involved in the treatments, and at the end we will have a summary of what was said plus all the suggestions offered.

The purpose of this concluding is to review some of the major issues that have been highlighted by the various authors in book under this title. A major underlying theme, is that there is not a simple, one way correlation between "greater development" and "better health", but we can find "different health" and not simply "better health".This is only one of many challenges there is between health and development. Authors have a list of challenges between health and development.They hope, readers, who can point to inequalities, show examples of good and bad practice and perhaps, generally help to raise awareness of what needs to be done and what might be achieved.In terms of social circumstances such as living alone, being single parent, or living in a marriage or marriage-like relationship, the unemployed subjects of general population differed from the employed. Regular smoking was mush more common among the unemployed. Alcohol-related problems, mental health problems, suicidal thoughts, and diminished zest for life were reported more by unemployed subject and subjects afraid of unemployment. Uncertainty about future, use of hypnotics or sedatives, and perceived mental ill-health were more common among unemployed subjects, subjects afraid of unemployment, and their spouses. Use of control group and valid scales are the benefits of the research in contrast to other similar studies.

There are a lot of studies indicating adverse effects of unemployment on health and, especially, mental health. The present research is conducted in Finland, where the number of unemployed increased sharply between 1990 (3.5 %) and 1993 (19%), which was the fastest in any western country.The first study group consisted of 211 people working at a wood processing factory, at risk of firing, and 305 people working at another wood processing factory, without such risk. The second study group was selected randomly form general population. Demographic variables along with three formerly validated scales indicating mental wellbeing (Le. GHQ - 12, BDI, and PS) were assessed in the study groups.Results indicate a significantly worse GHQ and BDI in unemployed men and a significantly worse PS in unemployed women. Marriage was related to a better mental wellbeing for unemployed men and a worse one for employed men. Receiving adequate social support and at least moderate financial situation were protective factors in this regard. In terms of social circumstances such as living alone, being single parent, or living in a marriage or marriage-like relationship, the unemployed subjects of general population differed from the employed. Regular smoking was mush more common among the unemployed. Alcohol-related problems, mental health problems, suicidal thoughts, and diminished zest for life were reported more by unemployed subject and subjects afraid of unemployment. Uncertainty about future, use of hypnotics or sedatives, and perceived mental ill-health were more common among unemployed subjects, subjects afraid of unemployment, and their spouses. Use of control group and valid scales are the benefits of the research in contrast to other similar studies.