GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2004 | Volume:36 | Issue:48|Papers Count:12

There are relative many learst massive in the Kopeh-dagh mountains. Every learst geomorphological research about these learstterrain, learstaquifer, relationship between korst forms, hydraulic learst system, land use and management of environment can be usefull. The learstmassive of leardehis a typefrom the semi-and arid- mountains kind. In the lower part of the watershed basin there are five wells that have been drilled in limestone and the drink water of west of Mashhad is supplied by the water resourvier of the leardeh-dam.About the 80 percent of watersupply for the people from the watershed basin is supplied by the springs and the other 20 percent by the rivers. From this reason the identificatiorl of learstic land forms, vulnerability of hydraulic system and finally the correct land use planning and management of water resources in this learsticterritory is necessary. The main carbonate and carbonate-dolomite of the Kardeh-watershed basin are the jurassic formations of Marzdaran (JMZ1) and Marzdaran (JMZ2) which have thick massive limestone beds. The development of the secQndarypermeable of the limestone (in forms of a networkof joints andfaultings) and the learstification processes are the most important factors of learstification of stones. The karstic forms that are made in these stones are: microkarren, learren,dolines,sinkholes, caves and other learsticforms.

Geographical specification in wide country of Iran produces different climate features. This feature results from natural and unnatural (human) activity of different f.qctors in Iran tha~ cones pond with other climate phenomenon. One of these climate phenomenon is north Atlantic oscillation index that obtain from difference between normalized monthly data of central pressure Azure high pressure and Island low pressure this research include explanation about behaviour of active pressure centers on north Atlantic bused on time series of central pressure Island low (IL) and Azure high pressure (AH) and it effect eon climatic abnormalities in Iran. .Using norma. lized abnormalities of the pressure gradient. between centers Azure high pressure and Island low pressure (AH -IL), as a north Atlantic oscillation index (INAO), it mark that strong NAO (AH -IL / gradient higher that normal), associate with precipitation increase a,nd low temperature in winter in most region of Iran the study about weak NAO, show different pattern.

In this article author tries to investigate spatial development of Babol. It seems that the governmental development plans are one of the important elements on spatial development. In this study author has used building age statistic to represent physical developmental status of the city. It appears that social and physical structure of Babol has lost integrity and there is socioeconomicalsegregation among classes. The results reveal that the most important elements of urban spatial development are macro political and economical changes from agriculture sector to industry and service sectors and Islamic revolution.

The accelerating development pattern of urbanism in Iran is accompanied with a lot of social injuries. Presently, cities in general and metropolitans particular, on the top of which is Tehran, have turned into the major centers of crimes and offenses and abnormalities. From cities social geography perspective, this article emphasizes on the identification of urban geography indicators in their social pathology. In other words, it considers the urban social pathology from the perspective of urban organization pathology. Currently, the critical overloading of population and activities in cities, along with the spatial and managerial shortages, have brought about serious spatial inequities, and have disturbed the sensible and balanced relationships among the constituent elements of space. The organization of such a space and directing it wards to a spatial regulation that would be compatible with geographical necessities, may be taken as a fundamental strategy that can have determining impacts on the decline of abnormal behavior and reduction of social victims in cities.

During the recent decades, rural development has been one of the major concerns of development in Iran and the majority of developing countries. In many countries, rural development is considered as an important strategy for provision of basic needs and optimal distribution of the privileges resulting from national development. For this purpose, various models have been experienced in different methods which have mainly failed to yield desirable outcomesand still, the share of the rural societies from development and progress is very little in the third world. Majority of the poor population in third world countries live either in the villages or are slum settlers of rural origin in the city margins. The world Bank which has mostly experiencedfailed models in this area finally got to the conclusion that rural development is a strategy for improvement of social and economic life of poor villagers and a comprehensive all- sided endeavour to lower poverty which can be achieved through increase of production and improvement of productivity in the rural environment. Rural development should take the rural society out of its traditional isolation by modernizing it and merging it in the national economy For this same reason, rural development is an overwhelming mission and does not limit to a sector. But includes all of the sectors and social, economical and physical foregrounds.In Iran, although irregular efforts for rural development started since 1920s and rural development was considered to a degree in the initial national development plans, major transformations took place during 1960s when the rural society underwent considerable changes. After the Islamic Revolution, development and changes in the Iranian rural society found expanded and deep dimensions However, proportionate with the transformations, problems and challenges of rural development also increased so that today, in addition to the old problems which have lasted so far, new challenges have emerged.

Varamin plain have areas more than 130000 ha and about 60000 ha of its are agricultural lands. Because of decrease surface water, excavation of deep and semi-deep wells on the plain to be prevalent very plenty, and therefore study of groundwater that is mainly of irrigation water resources in the total of plain, its very necessary; in this research for study of groundwater for use of irrigation, at first pizometer and usable wells quality and quantity data was prepared and then water table and flow path of groundwater was studied and calculated critical deep of water table and influence of water table on the lands degradation was surveyed ,and also with use ofvillcoks diagram, irrigation ability map was drown and areas of its different classes was calculated, the results show, that use of groundwater for irrigation in the northeastern of plain should be attention very plenty, because this part of plain have water table lower than other area and if trend of its decease continue to will take place salinization of groundwater and therefore soil degradation, decrease of production and desertification will start. At the other hand, in the southwestern of plain 9354 ha have woundwater level lower than 3 m, that agricultural practice not possible in this part. Only part of the plain that can be use from groundwater with any limitation, is central part of plain that is. mainly farmland and at the other part should to take into consideration, selection of type of production, type of irrigation systems, drainage condition and soil infiltration.

Research on the quality of the growth and development of metropolitan cities in the world and the socio- political and their respective ecological problems in developing countries have been investigated by the scholars of social sciences and urban sciences since many decades ago. This paper deals with their respective trend of the growth and development and some of their issues and challenges as well. The present paper aims to explore the forming factors of the Iranian metropolitan cities, evaluate the strategies and the unsustainable development trend of Mashhad metropolitan religious city as the second largest city after Tehran. The research places emphasize on creating a balance between the urban development and environment in an analytical method and by using the Published statistics. The results of the research are presented by evaluating the development of the Iranian metropolitan cities including Mashhad, which is one of the most important challenges of national urban system.

The area to be investigated on lies in northwest mountains of Talesh. The orogeny activities still continue in different parts of Iran; Talesh mountains as a part of the geographical partion of Iran are no exception. Geomorphological indicators such as mountain front sinuosity, proportion of the valley width to its height, the indicator of stream length- gradient and etc have been used to estimate the rate of the activities of neotectonical forces in the slopes of northwest of Talesh .The SL of the river has been calculated to be between 88.5 and 780.9 in fifteen northwestern Talesh basins. The southeast of the area whose SL is 524 is tectonically the most active of all the area including heights of southern Ardebil and northeast heights. The ratio of river sinuosity in fifteen basins is between 1 and 1.6, which shows the tectonic activity of the area. The Ratio of valley-floor to its height in southeast of the area is less than -the other two areas (64). Therefore, this area contains more uplift and narrower valleys, compared to the other ones. Southeast of the area is tectonically more active than northeast and south heights of A rdebil, because the area has a low Smf (between 1.1 and 1.5). The study and investigation of these parameters and indicators show that the area under study is tectonically active, but the forces are stronger in the southeast of this area than the mountain of southern Ardebill and northeast of the area.

One of the Development goals in all countries of the world unemployment Decrease and Development of Employment. In this paper two targets arefollowed: Thefirst target is recognizing of current status of unemployment and Employment in different Levels (Local - Global). The Second Target is Evolution of Current Status to reach to optimal Status. The Method of survay is Gathering Documental and Field Statistics and Information. The Theory of research is Integrated rural Development including geographical Elements of Development. The Most of research findings is this: Sectoral View solutions can not solve multidimenSional Problems in accordance with employment and unemployment; and the best way for countrast with unemployment and udnerdevelopment of employment is Implementation of Progarms of Integrated Rural Development.

In spite of weakness ofsurface runoffs in Kashan region that locates in the arid and semi -arid area in Central Iran, their role is very important in eroding landforms, producing sediments and evaluating morphology of the region. In this area one of the climates characteristics is sudden concentrated downpour of rain that following as weak surface runoffs. These runoffs flow from western, southern and eastern highlands to the central low lands. In the channels especially in the south parts of the region, mechanical and chemical erosions affect on changing landforms. Type of stones minerals, structure of the region and its morphology, channel patterns and vegetation, making various landforms. By running the surface water on the slopes, were developed types of water erosions like solifluction, channel erosion, flood channel and were spread depositional forms as alluvium cones and fans, terraces, flood plains on the vast area in the central of the region. Today in the regions important rivers flow little water, but they show maturity stage. These indicate wetter conditions dominant in the region in the Quaternary. Land degradation in this area resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. Hence sustainable land management (SLM) is the key to harmonizing the environmental and ecological concerns of a society faced with the economic realities of producing adequate food ensuring a basic minimal quality of life.