GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2000 | Volume:32 | Issue:38|Papers Count:13

Maku area which is located in north west or Iran generally it is mountainous region. In this mountains currents of water flow ln N-S directions and continously the erosive activity change the land form during in ten million years. At the end of Eocene part or west is emerged, finally western mountains or Iran are shaped in the boundry line. In the late of Cenozoic period Maku area are effected by the most movement of organic at last the main physical features are founded. As result of this movement the central mountains gradually emerged, N-W to S-E respectively the Hawing this water eroded in these places as a result the Gorges are appeared. These Gorge N-W to S-E are as follow: - The Gorge of Qara-su flows to the Bazergan plain. - The Gorge of Zang-e-mar enters in to Qateh-jog plain. - The S-W Fechal Gorge connected to the east part of Maku. Sary-su Gorge in the Danalu and Maku Gorge in thc Maku city are created. In the northern mountain the Quriskak and Adagan river break Hasun and Idali mountain, the Gorge of Quriskak and Adagan are Shaped.

Wiltout doubt, one of the major factors influencing the surge and traffic pressure on Tehran"s central business district is the disproportionate distribution of urban public services, specially the medical and health services, traffic volume and repeated visits to the central area can be reduced by optimum planning and site location, which in result assists in the proportionate distribution of social welfare. For this purpose, this article tries to assess difficalties and irrugular situations of Tehran"s C.B.D on spatial distribution in the Held of healthy and medical centers which innuenced to urban traffic"s volume of Tehran.

The Second Plan of Iran Development have independent part about rural development, and therefore is possible to evaluate of their,s goals, policies and programs. The conclusions of this evaluation indicates some of advantages and disadvantages in content and operation of the rural development plan. Relative observance of planning principles due to arrangement and clearness of goals, policies and programs are advantages of this plan. But the uncomperhensive and unaccomodation of goals, Policies and programs each other and unperformance many of programs, as well as,to prove tobe true a little of quantitative and qualitative goals, in spite of full allocation of credits and budgets, are weaknesses of this rural development plan.

Studying about the geographical aspect on development and world variation in human welfare is directed toward investigating the current academic literature of the world"s overall status in view pointing of its application in our future regionI and national plannings. In addition, the national macro-systems of the world are investigated in four categories. These principal factors do include the economic system (manufacturing value - added/capita, percentage of age group in higher education, radios/1000 inhabitants, GNP/capita); physical system (total value of primary industry output/capita); the concepts of both natural productivity and people"s development of natural resources, government expenditures / capita, GNP/capita): social system (infant deaths/1000 live births, percentage rural, percentage of age group in higher education; and political system (political rights index, radios /1000 population, infant deaths / 1000 live births). However, the development indices are also discussed in this paper and do comprise the PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index), HDI (Human Development Index) and ISEW(The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare). Finally, the developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries of the world are ranked in regarding the concept of human welfare. Further related investigations could support the theortical and impirical grounds towards more laws and the generalizations.

Simultaneously the constant growth and development and redical fundamental changes on economical, social, political and cultural works, the important role of roads are apparented especially ground roads and transportation as one of the important of basis development sectores. Even it effects on the other activities in various geographical locations and spaces, makes fruitful their sources and unactual capacities, increases development process of more advantagous plans and secures growth background. The capital, takes into account national asset, spends on building roads at various geographical beds, the required constraction, also preservation and maintenance and safety. In order to long term use of the network, preventation the effect of geographical factors,and premature destroying of roads and fleet, safe guarding is essential. Therefore, it is necessary the roads are protected against effects of detrimental geogaraphical facts and convenient background creates to constant development a side from safety transportation in the roads, technical- engineering problems and traffic engineering.

After spatial and regional plannings, we reach country plannings or in other word, Comprehensive Urban planning. These plans are facilities located out of the urbans" legal boundaries and limits "approved on 12 may, 1976 and enclosed on 25 June, 1995." Organizing the system of human activity in the small space (of urban) for optimum use of land, that is, spatial organizing of activities and settlement systems, is the main aim of such plans which is gained through extracting and presenting two documents as follows: 1- Determining the optimum (offered) landuse in the form of "preparing the map of zonning landuses, geographical constraints and lands development in the present and new urbans". 2- Organizing the system of spatial structure in the form of "preparing the map of symbiosis sets and areas". The aim of this article is to indicate the way of extracting the first document, emphasizing on the role and location of applied geography in the structural strategic approach. Here, Sarab area has been selected as an instance.

The Second Plan of Iran Development have independent part about rural development, and therefore is possible to evaluate of their,s goals, policies and programs. The conclusions of this evaluation indicates some of advantages and disadvantages in content and operation of the rural development plan. Relative observance of planning principles due to arrangement and clearness of goals, policies and programs are advantages of this plan. But the uncomperhensive and unaccomodation of goals, Policies and programs each other and unperformance many of programs, as well as,to prove tobe true a little of quantitative and qualitative goals, in spite of full allocation of credits and budgets, are weaknesses of this rural development plan.

The purpose of this paper is investigates the El Nino and drough-wet periods in the climate of Iran. The contents treated in this study are somewhat limited on the precipitation of Iran and it"s relation with El Nino southern oscillation. Therefore, rainfall anamalies, annual and interannual variations of precipitation above Iran and their relation with southern oscillation Index (SOI) are investigated. The results of this study are follows: There exits a almost strong dependencies between annual rainfall of Iran and SOI. This relationship shows a negative Correlation Coefficient (r=-0.37, N=30) Which goes to 5% significance level. Among 29 Selected Station, Gazvin Station has most Strony Correlation Coefficenl (r=-0.59) and Birjand station has Weakest correlation coefficient (r=0.005). In addition, it is interesting to note that among the months, most Strong correlation coefficient between monthly rainfall and SOI there is in october.

The Writer intends to analyze the rural population Changes in Bahar city-located at Hamedan Province-during 1976-1996 based on spacial organization of rural dwellings of national political divisions framework, focussing on the impact of population structure and transformations on urban and rural dwellings. Then, he comes to certain conclusions including disequilibrium in distribution of rural areas and their population as well, and the tendency of these areas to polarization. The research is based on quantitative and statistical methods along with scientitic patterns applied to analysis of population statistics.

Studying about the geographical aspect on development and world variation in human welfare is directed toward investigating the current academic literature of the world"s overall status in view pointing of its application in our future regionI and national plannings. In addition, the national macro-systems of the world are investigated in four categories. These principal factors do include the economic system (manufacturing value - added/capita, percentage of age group in higher education, radios/1000 inhabitants, GNP/capita); physical system (total value of primary industry output/capita); the concepts of both natural productivity and people"s development of natural resources, government expenditures / capita, GNP/capita): social system (infant deaths/1000 live births, percentage rural, percentage of age group in higher education; and political system (political rights index, radios /1000 population, infant deaths / 1000 live births). However, the development indices are also discussed in this paper and do comprise the PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index), HDI (Human Development Index) and ISEW(The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare). Finally, the developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries of the world are ranked in regarding the concept of human welfare. Further related investigations could support the theortical and impirical grounds towards more laws and the generalizations.

The large extent of Iran is formed of deserts. Topography of these deserts is very gentle and climate is very warm and dry. Under These conditions, denudation. processes are active. Wind could carry the sediments that their size is less 2 millimeters. The purpose of this research is to study the relevance of sand size and the frequency speeds threshold of wind in Band-e-rig in the east of Kashan city. The methodology in this research is "variance method" and the "technique" is comparison size of sands with speed of threshold which comparing with index. Results show that the size of sands in the east border of Band-e-rig is coarser than other borders and this factor is argued to be its result of the blown of fast winds in this direction. Meteorological station of Kashan dose not show these casees. Because topography of Band-e-rig is like a bar. Humanity activities in south west borders especially in agricaltural and habitation and other activites ,bring about changes in the transport of sands and denudation system in this direction. contrary to the north and north east .there is acceptable corretation between speeds threshold of winds and the sand size.

The purpose of this paper is investigates the El Nino and drough-wet periods in the climate of Iran. The contents treated in this study are somewhat limited on the precipitation of Iran and it"s relation with El Nino southern oscillation. Therefore, rainfall anamalies, annual and interannual variations of precipitation above Iran and their relation with southern oscillation Index (SOI) are investigated. The results of this study are follows: There exits a almost strong dependencies between annual rainfall of Iran and SOI. This relationship shows a negative Correlation Coefficient (r=-0.37, N=30) Which goes to 5% significance level. Among 29 Selected Station, Gazvin Station has most Strony Correlation Coefficenl (r=-0.59) and Birjand station has Weakest correlation coefficient (r=0.005). In addition, it is interesting to note that among the months, most Strong correlation coefficient between monthly rainfall and SOI there is in october.