HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA
Year:2000 | Volume:- | Issue:7|Papers Count:14

Early Safavid painting combined the Traditions of Timurid Herat and Turcoman Tabriz to reach a peak of technical excellence and of emotional expressiveness which for many as the fint'st hour of Persian painting.The Safavid dynasty lingered on until Nadirshah crowned himself in 1736, but was in decline after death of Shah Abbas I in 1629. Shah Safi I died in 1941 and was succeeded by Abbas II, who Reigned until 1666. He inherited his grandfather, interest in arts and appreciated fine things. Shah Sulayman I succeeded Abbas II in 1666 and reigned until his death in 1694. His successor sultan Husayn reigned to 1722, by which latter date the Afghans had occupied Isfahan.European Modes of representation in a novel and a pealing style the set the direction for later Iranian painting on both small and large scale. Indeed at this period oil paintings on canvas in this style were first produced in Iran. These European ideas could have reached Iran either directly from Europe or via India and Ottoman Turkey. European elements are more clearly seen in the works of Mu'in Mussavar, Mohammad Zaman, Shaykh Abbasi, Aliquli Jebadar, Shafi Abbasi, and Bahram Sofrahkash. This article survey European element in late painting of Safavid Period.

The subject of civil society and its relation to city life has been flourished particualarly duriny the last four decades of the twenty century. This has emerged after the universal experience on «Modernism» in city, city planning, architecture and city architecture. With this regard, in spite of that civil life, urban society and urban space can be reffered to the «Ronesance" period -The seventeenth century-and even its roots can be found in the Greec school of taught, but the civil society and city life in the «post modern» and «post post modern» societies and defined differently from the Ronesance definitions. This paper aims to analyse the definition of civil society and city life in post modern society and its relation to city and city planning.

This paper considers the cultural aspect of the city. The meaning of culture here is an everlasting characteristic or a system of values which continues through the history of a city, and integrates anthropological, sociological and philosophical thoughts. Alexandria in Egypt, located on the Nile at the crossroads of three continents as one of the most important places and as a bridge between western and eastern philosophy and culture, is mainly distinguished as a place for the development of Neoplatonism philosophy from the second century AD.Physically the city was first rectangular in shape with enormous boulevards, focal points and rich powerful and active urban social spaces.

One of the major urban development policies is the intervention plans in urban old sites. These plans can be analysed from social, cultural, economic, environment and physcical aspects. When the structure of many Iranian cities are in consistance with the historical, cultural and social values of the country, integrated and comprehensive policies have been neglegted. Dispersal efforts from the Gajor period until the post revolution period can not be responsive: Policy making and planning have not been based on theoretical framework and scientific process. The values of these sites are too important that dispersal plans and acts are initiated. Effective and efficient policies need evaluation of previous policies, future perspective and formulation of principles and normative criteria.

Rabae' Rashidi is the most distinguished endowed institution and the greatest scientific and cultural center of the Ilkhanian era that was constructed by Rashidedin Fazllolah (15th century AD), the prudent prime minister of Khazan Khan; but after his assassination by Abu Saied, Rabae' Rashidi was ruined down to the earth. Today, the ruins are located in Tabriz.Many valuable studies on the educational and administrative organization of Rabae' Rashidi has since been carried out; nevertheless, the physical planning and architectural organization of which has remained vague. Although, in the deed of endowment all constructional details and urban elements are written down, but no one has sought to recreate its image. On the other hand, no archeological excavation is done in the ruins of Rabae' Rashidi.In this study, it has been sought to illustrate the spatial and locational organization of Rabae' Rashidi through analyzing the content of the deed of endowment and by building up various hypothesis and finally achieving an imaginary design which is presented here.The mentioned design is documented with the accurate information given in the deed of endowment and shows that Rabae' Rashidi has had a coherent and concrete physical organization, emerging from sophiticated thoughts of Rashidedin Fazllolah, that could be used as an Islamic planning pattern today.

Cooperatives, everywhere, are propagated on the basis of cooperation. In Practice, however, the end result is less than desired. In this article, the housing Cooperatives in the developed nations are compared with those in the Third World in order to find the differences and similarities. It is argued here that when cooperatives are treated separately from the concept of «cooperation», they tend to become nothing but private corporations or public institutions. The comparison mentioned above indicates that the housing cooperatives in developed countries are formed and managed by the people while in the less developed nations, they are forced and directed by the governments or are  viewed and treated as commodities that can be sold or speculated upon.

One of the elements utilized in construction, as an independent element or as a part of an integrated structure, is the «support wall». In both cases, this wall resists the pressure exerted by the soil that is behind it. Changes in the soil pressure could introduce new forces that may not have been taken into account in design calculations.The presence of unwanted water around the wall, especially in the soil behind the wall, is one of the causes affecting this change. The presence of water increases the soil pressure up to even triple original soil pressure, which could have disastrous consequences. The lack of a drainage system or the ineffective of such systems in the short run or long run, would affect the presence of undesirable water. The amount of damage should be reduced as much as passable by following the relevant guidelines and taking necessary precautions.

Architecture is one of the prominent manifestation of civilisation. The role of architecture in the creation of the environment is quite clear. Nowadays, Architecture, in contrast with the past, is a scientific disipline and grows through analysis. While Iranian architecture has a valuable history, it is often criticisied. In the post Islamic revolution period, a masive construction has been occurred in the country, however, the cities of Shiraz and Esfahan are still the main destinations for tourism. What is the reason? Among the various dimensions of the problem, architectural criticism is a major chalange. This paper tries to define the necessities and architectural criticism obstacles, also present its principles through a matrix.

Reviewing literature of contemporary Iranian architecture dealing with the specific concepts of «tradition» (sunnat) and «modernism» (having two faces: one as a school of thought and the other as seeking new ways of responding to the society's problems without chaning its fundamental principles and values) demonstrates a confusion of subjects, and irrelevant translation of foreign words. This is because of the fact that the theoretical basis of architecture is hidden from the society. This article is written to represent an introduction to the determination of boundaries and meaning of the concepts and to recognize the effects of ideas and points of view on the past and present architecture of Iran.The main headings in this article are as follows: basis of Iranian traditional architecture, basis of modernism, effects of modernism of Iranian architecture, 6 and conclusion.

Proceeding the era of tonality, in the first half of 20th crntury, composers looked for new alternative systems. One of the most important methods or alternatives in this process was developed in the Vienna Second School as the dodecaphonic or twelve-tone system. This article reviews this process and introduces a path to the young composers, a way that is not limited to the twelve-tone system, but can embody it as well: «composition based on pre-designed systems».

Adaptation is an important and a well established art in in filmmaking. Soon after the emergence of the technique of preserving and exhibiting moving pictures, storg telling became an integral part of this new phenomenon and the bulk of human imagination as well as experiences preserved in words became a source of inspiration and adaptation for film writers.History of cinema has witnessed many adaptations of even one single source. Some novels and plays and for that matter some writers have been more popular among filmmakers and it seems that cretin literary forms can more easily be adapted into films.Screenplays based on a material, already pvblished, are looked upon a category which, for instance the Academy of Motion fictore Arts and saiences gives awards for. In addition, the majority of films with Oscars for the Best Film of the Year are those that have adapted screenplays.Filmmaking and literature are so intertwined that they are somehow inseparable. This article covers the many aspects that literature and inflvence one another, lightly reviews the extent of film adaptations before the victory of Islamic Revolution in Iran, and in particular delves into film adaptations in post revolutionary in Iran.

The present study aims to survey on Persian books in Art science During the 2nd. Development Plan in Iran 1373-1377 (1993-1997). This Article has focused on subject field, number of books, writing and translation, male and female Authors and translators and university publishers.