Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Year:2009 | Volume:9 | Issue:3 (33)|Papers Count:13

Background and Objective: Intradermal test of Purified Protein Derivative (PPD is a reliable assessment of primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. The reactions were assessed by measuring, the induration's diameter after 48 &72 hours. We compared the induratiod's size of 48 hours with 72 hours in this study.Methods: At this semi-experimental study 120 students of medicine received a 5 unit PPD during 6 months (Jan 2003 to may 2004). We excluded students with malnutrition, immunocompromised disorder and recipient of Cortona, from the study.Results: The measurements were made at 72 hours were significantly (p<0.001) higher (4.22 mm) than at 48 hours' measurements (2.79 mm). The readings taken at 72 hours were 1.47 mm larger than 48 hours' reading. There were significant differences in indurations' size of 48 and 72 hours between male and female and students with tuberculosis (p<0.000). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the size of the 5 unit Tuberculin Test, in adults is significantly larger at 72 hours' reaction compared to the reaction at 48 hours. We suggest reading PPD after 72 hours if the PPD was negative after 48 hours.

Background & Objectives: Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD) is common gynecology problem in 90 % of adult women which defined as a menstrual pain that occur in absence of pelvis pathology. PD is common reason of women and girls' absence from school and work. Many chemical drugs have been used to cure dysmenorrheal, but each has its own side effects. Cinnamomum zelanicum has been used as an anti spastic and inflammation agent and reducer of menstruation' pain in traditional medicine.Methods: In this randomized clinical trail and triple blind study 47 single women, with the PD were randomly selected. Twenty six women received capsules of Cinnamomum zelanicum (trial group) and 21 women received placebo capsule (control group). Severity of the systematic symptoms was assessed with Verbal Multidimensional Scoring System. Data were collected by validated questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The mean of women' age in trial and control groups were 20.69±1.93 and 21.7±4.6 respectively. There was a significant differences in the severity of pain between two groups (p<0.001). The severity of all the systematic symptoms decreased in both groups, (from 2.15 to 1.04 in trails and from 2.14 to 1.67 controls) but this reduction was not significant between two groups.Conclusion: Cinnamomum zelanicum can be effective in reducing the severity of PD. It seems more study needed to understand the Cinnamomum zelanicum' effects on relief of systematic symptoms accompanying Primary Dysmenorrhea.

Background & Objective: Statistics of mortality and causes of death are the main components in health planning in every community. Knowing the changes of mortality pattern is important for future health programming. We analyzed the pattern of mortality changing trend in Iran during last 35 years. Methods: In this study 9740556 recorded data of deaths from 1970 to 2007 were analyzed. Data were analyzed by Graphical methods and comparing the trends of mortality pattern. Results: Our survey showed 60.4 % of death in rural areas. Also 61.1 % of deaths were among males. The crude death rate was 13 per 1000 persons during 1971-1976 which have been decreased to 5 per 1000 persons from 2006 to 2010. We observed increase of life expectancy rate from 55.2 years in (1971-76) to 71 years in (2006-2010).Conclusion: Decrease of crude death rate and mortality pattern in years 1970 to 2007 and increase of life expectancy represent development of general health and indicators of health in Iran.

Background & Objective: Different studies have been emphasized on the importance of different maternal' position on labor and delivery. This study wants to investigate the effects of elective position of maternal during active phase on the process and outcome of Labor and delivery in primigravida women.Methods: The subjects of this quasi- experimental study were 150 women; 75 women in trail group (allowed to choice their labor's position as walking, sitting, standing, and other) and 75 women in control group (sleeping in the bed ofthe pain room).Duration of the first and the second stage of labor, pain intensity of the second stage, Apgar score of the first and fifth minutes, mothers' satisfaction of delivery experiences, and onset of breast feeding were recorded.Results: The results of the study showed that the elective position of maternal significantly reduced length of active phase (p= 0.002), need for augmentation with oxytocin (p=0.0058), labor' pain intensity (p=0.026), cesarean section (p=0.0393), also significant increase of Apgar' score in the first minute (p<0.01), early onset of breast feeding (p=0.0015) and Mothers' satisfaction of delivery experience (p=0.0001). Duration of second stage and fifth minute of Apgar' scores were not different in two groups. Conclusions: This study showed that the elective position of maternal has positive effects on the results of deliveries and the first minuets Apgar score during active phase.

Background and Objective: The research literatures extensively indicate that religion often operates as a strong protective factor against beliefs and rites on psychological and psychosomatic psychological and psychosomatic disorders. The ways of influence of these disorders has not sufficiently explored. The present study aims at studying suicide ideation in patients with depression performing religious rites at different levels.Method: In this cross-sectional study 66 patients with depression referring to Toluo Psychiatric and Psychological Clinic and Shafa Psychiatric Hospital of Rasht were selected by convenience sampling. Unstructured interview with DSM-IV-TR criteria and Beck Depression Inventory were used for diagnosing depression. The degree of performing religious rites by subjects was determined using a researcher-designed, self-administrated rating scale. The subjects assigned in two groups of patients with depression performing religious rites strongly (N =33) and patients with depression performing religious rites weakly (N =33). In addition to Beck Depression Inventory; Beck Hopelessness Scale and Scale of Suicide Ideation were applied for assessing hopelessness and suicide ideation. Results: Statistical analysis by T-test showed no significant difference between two groups regarding degree of depression (0.847), but there were significant differences between two groups from view points of the degree of hopelessness (0.034) and suicide ideation (0.0005). Conclusion: We concluded that phenomenology of depression is weaker among group performing religious rites strongly in terms of degree of suicide ideation and hopelessness than the other group. 

Background & Objective: Perineal trauma usual1y occurs during childbirth and associates with short and long term complications for women. Blood loss, urinary, faecal and sexual incontinence are effects of after childbirth complications of perinal trauma. These can cause maternal and newborn morbidity. This study wanted to compare the effectiveness of two techniques for perineum protection "hands off' versus "hands on" (Ritgen) during childbirth from view points of frequency, degree and suture of perineal trauma. Methods: This randomized clinical trial study carried out on 70 nulliparous women that expecting normal birth of a singleton. They were randomly selected and divided in hands off and hands on (N = 35) groups. In the 'hands on' method, midwife put pressure on the baby's head and support ('guard') the perineum; then lateral flexion is used to facilitate delivery of the shoulders, and in the 'hands off method, midwife keep her hands poised, not touching the head or perineum, allowing spontaneous delivery of the shoulders. We analyzed data with descriptive statistical methods, t-test, chi-squer, mann whitney and non parametric tests by SPSS.Results: Rates of intact perineum was significantly higher in the 'hands off' group (50%, 40%, P = 0.48). The first and second degree tears were significantly lower in the 'hands off' group (40.6%, 50%, vs, 9.4%, 10%, P = 0.48). We did not observe any significant differences in the rate of lacerations in the anterior regions of the perineum and frequency of suture between the two groups.Conclusions: The hands off technique in the second stage of labour increases the likelihood of an intact perineum.

provinces of country, the population growth rate is higher than other provinces in Ardabil that presents incorrect, discontinuous, and interrupted use of intrauterine devices (IUD). This research was carried out to investigate the continuation and factors affecting to interrupted use of IUD in women referring to health centers of Ardabil city in 2004.Methods: The Subjects of this descriptive-analytic and historical cohort study were 30 I women. Data were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier Survival and Log-Rank tests through SPSS software.Results: Duration of continuous use of IUD was more than 18 months among 77.1 % of subjects. Average duration was higher in 20-25 years women (24.5±1 months). The lowest duration of continuous use of IUD was observed among women with age higher then 25 years old (14.3±3.4 months). There was a significant relationship between discontinuous use of IUD and volume of menstrual bleeding (p=0.005). The mean of continuation in the women with a lot of bleeding was 20.5±1 while for the women with low bleeding was 22.4 ±1.5. Type of referring to IUD control had meaningful correlation (p=0.03) with average duration of using this device. Mean time of continuation in women that referred occasionally was 23.8±0.6. There was significant relation between complication and IUD interruption. The highest interruption time belonged to the women that declared the infection, wound and PID (mean 25.5 months) and the lowest interruption time was observed in the women with bleeding and spotting (mean 18 months).Conclusion: Continuation of using IUD in 87.4 % of women was less than 6 months, in 81.4% was from 6 to 12 months, and in 72.1 % was from 12 to 18 months. The most common reason of discontinuation was medical factors and IUD caused complication. The most common complication was bleeding.

Background & Objectives: ECT is one of the most common methods in treatment of different types of psychological disorder. The effectiveness of this therapy has direct relation to the duration of convulsion. Knowing the rate of efficacy of anesthetic drugs over convulsion by ECT and preventing of hemodynamic complications are important. This study was conducted to compare effect of Propofol with Sodium Thiopental in the induction of anesthesia during ECT.Methods: The subjects of this randomized, controlled and trial study were 16 patents with psychotic disorders. These patients received Sodium Thiopental and Succinylcholine or Propofol and Succinylcholine during 72 sessions of ECT. Duration of subjective and objective convulsion and hemodynamic changes (HR and MAP) as well as side effects of anesthesia and ECT was recorded. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS.Results: Duration of subjective and objective convulsion was lower in Propofol taken group than Sodium Thiopental taken patients, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.32). The variation of hemodynamic parameter was lower among Propofol taken patients. We observed significant difference between two groups regarding to increase of arterial BP' mean after taking drugs and immediately after ECT (p=0.04). There was not significant difference from view points of prevalence of respiratory, Hemodynamic complications, nausea, vomiting and restlessness between two groups. Conclusion: Duration of convulsion in induction of anesthesia in ECT with Propofol and Sodium Thiopental was not different.

Background & Objectives: Adherence to a diabetic diet is one of the most important aspects of diabetes management. Compliance with a diabetic diet has usually been described in terms of total intake. We examined indexes of the use of specific foods that would normally be either recommended or prohibited by Food Frequency Questionnaire. Methods: In order to study the dietary habits of the patients with type II diabetes 228 outpatients with type II diabetes referring to Ardabil Diabetic Clinic were randomly selected. Results: A common diabetic diet was reported by 87.8% of women (N = 115) and 77.1% of men (N = 74). The dietary habits of the patients showed their awareness of limiting use of simple sugars. Use of foods with high simple sugars (e.g.: honey, jam, soft drink) were low among the patients. Potato was consumed by 58.8% of the female and 74.2% of the male, and of 43.8% of the subjects used mulberry with tea.Conclusions: Our result showed that there should be a greater focus on counseling, education and improving dietary of patients with diabetes.

Presence of foreign bodies in the anal canal and rectum IS usually due to introducing of objects. Various clinical presentation and lack of tendency for giving a definable history are important which may cause delayed and misdiagnosis of disease.In this study the case of a 35 years old man with 10 days history of abdominal distention and pain admitted to hospital is reported. The patient underwent laparotomy because of clinical findings in favor of peritonitis. We found that rectal perforation was due to presence of an orange in the anal canal.Anal canal foreign bodies cause different and unusual clinical presentation. Therefore good clinical and especially rectal examination is advised for early diagnosis and treatment.