HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA
Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:8|Papers Count:14

This Article critically examines existing theories in the sociology of art and focuses on the problem of art and on the problem of the social determination of art. The question of great art problematises the social determination hypothesis. The conclusion of this article supports an approach towards art which views art as a socially situated knowledge and which at the same time preserves an independent and unique sphere of life other than the established social order. This examination is based in the consideration of art as an element in the knowledge sphere and the sociology of art as a branch of the sociology of knowledge.

Considering «meaning» and «inward looking» for concepts, phenomena and physical objects is more or less one of the most important subjects in different societies and schools of thought. Generally the main criteria for finding, recognizing and evaluating philosophical and spiritual aspects of these two terms and their physical manifestations are derived from the dominating ideology and culture of the society. Thus different people or societies comprehend various meaning from the same appearance.This paper is an endeavor to introduce the interpretation and mental process which contribute to providing the relationships between «meanings» and their physical «appearances». It will then consider the influence and importance of this relationship in propagating the cultural values with focus on the Islamic ideology.

Australian Aboriginal Art is one of the oldest arts of mankind's history on earth. This art appeared in their society in various ways such as; painting on bark, ground, rock, cave and body, emblem, carved and decorated pole or figure, incised stone or board, ritual and ceremony.Aboriginal art is both sacred and secular, and basically is representational, abstract and symbolic art.Fundamentally this art is utilitarian, it is specifically planned to have some use, some direct or indirect purpose, or effect. This paper aims to analyse belief, religion, variety of arts, concept and styles of Aboriginal Arts.

Desert - fringe cities constitute a considerable number of the Iranian Settlements. These same cities have been facing drastic physical alterations, cavsed by the practice of the Modern Architecture and Urban Design teachings over the last three decades. The modern interventions, such as the implementation of «the Street - Widening Projects» and «City Master Plans», have led into several unwanted consequences at both architectural and urban design scales. Some of the consequences include: the predominance of construction of buildings with little respect for the climatic condition of desert areas, and damaging natural resources, such as conversion of quality agricultural lands into urban built-up area to meet the requirements of the low-density-urban-sprawl paradigm currently prevailing in these cities.This article aims to review the theoretical underpinnings of the concept of «Sustainable Urban Design» and subsequently, to critically examine the practice of Modern Urban Design with in desert communities from an environmentally sustainable point of view. The paper suggests that through application of the principles of Sustainable Urban Design, and through learning lessons from the traditional architectural heritage of the communities involved, one can guide the physical environments of the cities towards a more harmonious relationship with their natural settings. In so doing, application of the principles ruling the «Iranian compact city» model is advised, and the adaptation of urban regeneration policies are underlined.

Language consists of some determinative vocabularies and grammer which has a kind of generality that enables people either to state and form their thoughts or make them to be understood by an interpreter family. On the other hand language is a creative process which enables individuals to state the variety of their thoughts by using the same determinative vocabularies and grammar. This process leads to creation of many differential texts and discourses which are reflecting different mentalities of writers and speakers. These properties are the same as what is needed in a theory or language of urban design. So what kind of linguistics theories is compatible for urban design specially when it is aiming to formulate the urban design language within a special culture and locality? The findings of this study shows that any sole linguistics theory could not lead to that propose, but a combinded set of some concepts and principles of some different theories should be used to form the philosophical and theoretical l1ases of urban design language within different localities.

During the past three decades the urban population of the developing countries has increaset1 tremendously. Most of this urban population growth has taken place on the metropolitan fringe, Also, about 42 cent of the developing countries urban population live in informal settlements, many located on the urban fringe.The demographic processes in the Tehran Metropolitan Region (TMR) during the past three decades reveals that while the population of the Tehran city has grown only 2, 3 times, the population of the rest of the TMR has grown by 7.8 times during the said period. Also, during the twenty-year period between 1976-1996 about 40 per cent of the five million-population increase of the TMR, have resided in informal settlements.The unprecedented growth of informal settlements in the TMR, has brought about many socio-economic, cultural environmental and political problems. This article which is based on the findings of a research project funded by the Tehran University, attempts to survey some socio-economic characterics of the households residing in some of the spontaneous settlements on the Tehran Metropolitan Fringe, specifically trying to answer the following questions:1. Are these settlements functionally integrated with rural areas or with the Tehran Metropolis?2. Are the residents of these settlements engaged in the formal or informal economic act ivies?This is done by surveying 206 households (selected by random sampling techniques) in three spontaneous settlements, namely, Bagher Abad, Saleh Abad, and Khtoon Abad, located in the vicinity of Tehran's three major transportation routes.The findings of the study reveal that; the spontaneous settlements studied are not functionally integrated with rural areas, but rather with the Tehran Metropolis: and that many fringe workers are informally employed.

Since 1954 there have been 5 censuses in Iran.The 18.9 millions population of Iran in 1954, reached more than 60 millions in 1994, which is more than three times. During this period, the urban population raised from 6 millions in 1954, up to 36 millions in 1994, which is more than six times. At the same time, the rural population grew from 13 millions to 23 millions, which is less than double.Statistics shows a high rate of population growth and an immense migration from rural areas to urban areas and cities, in this period, in Iran.The main purpose of this paper is to trace the directional changes of the urban population gravity centers in the last half century. The calculations show that the urban population gravity center moves from NE to SW, while these gravity centers are located around Ahvaz city in Khouzistan province.Based on past trends and recent economic developments the future gravity center will continue to move towards SW, but more inclined to south rather than west.

In This paper a method for heating a high-rise building in Tehran by solar energy is introduced, through converting the existing facade into a solar collector. A glass panel is added to the south facade - 30 cm from it - and another one to the north facade - 10 cm from it. Within this new facade air is circulated and heated by sun. The heated air is distributed through canals built in the suspended ceilings and raised floors. The collector is two floors high and to meters width. This study shows that most of the heating energy needed for cold seasons and much more than the energy needed for mild seasons can be obtained.

In many countries, there is a growing interest in utilizing passive and low energy systems tor heating and cooling of buildings. Electricity consumption associated with air conditioning systems in buildings, makes serious problems Such as nonrenewable resource dimination and environmental pollution.Based on the geographical location at Iran which is mostly located in a semi-arid climate, applying an evaporative cooling system could be a useful idea.This paper is concentrated on the performance at some passive evaporative cooling systems.

In past there was a great care with a view to execution at religion's rules in constructing and building of the mosque, and nobody have competence of building the mosque, so, whenever somebody decicled to do the first step at foundation of the mosque he invited the most honest and virtuous person in the town to do it for him, it means that they exactly emphasize in the construction of the mosque this part of koran (verse No. 108 of SURA TUBE (Repentance)) «... A mosque that was founded upon godfearing from the first day is wortlier for thee to stand in ...»Therefore the architects and founders of the mosque always have an important rules in the acceptance of the mosque and it often a mosque was building by kind on or government those was formalities and usually used on ceremonies, so, these mosque in public was known as non popular's mosque that this mosque usually finds in capitals for example Shah Mosque or Sepah Sallar Masque in Tehran.Therefore we must have attention in our argument about building of mosque in religioude texts and the men's role in the architecture of the mosque in Koran (verse No. 18 SURA TUBE) and also care in some traditions and narratives of our grate holy leaders (that God bless them).

Recent efforts on designing and planning residential communities have involved collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches. The major objective of implying interdisciplinary approaches has been to provide a comprehensive knowledge about man in high density urban areas has put more pressure on designers to undertake some intense architectural studies in relation to various issues regarding «man» and his living «environment». The concern fur some viable human - environmental design factors could directly influence the quality of living spaces in residential communities.This article examines some major human environmental factors which are influential in developing the form of residential communities. These factors include:Physical - social continuity of residential communities with their surrounding environments, local identity, privacy versus social interaction, accessability (in the sense of pedestrian and vehicular requirements) and required Parking, internal integrity between residential units, and climatic - energy considerations, Although an indepth look into each of these factors would require some long process of studies and research, this article encourages researchers for more elaborate studies in the future.

Earthquakes have often caused destruction in our cities and villages, bringing about heavy losses of life and damage. Searching for suitable ways to prevent earthquake damage has always been on state construction agenda, and vast studies have been carried out on this matter.Mentioning the fact that Iran is an earthquake prone country, and that a large amount of damage is brought by earthquake, the paper presents a vast investigation carried out (on a highly useful experience gained by presence in the earthquake-damaged area) after the Ghaenat earthquake in Khorasan province on 9 May 1997.In the aftermath of the earthquake more than 1700 people were killed and many villages destroyed and several ruined. It is worth mentioning that the region was also struck by another quake in 1978. Major region and restoration was conducted on the buildings and structures of the region and the area was covered by preventive measures. In recent earthquake, the majority of buildings were again severely damaged and the question rose as to where and how the previous restoration was conducted inefficiently.This paper presents a comparison of damages to the different types of buildings in Ghaenat earthquake - May 1997. Important structural aspects and deficiencies in planning, design and calculation are surveyed. The paper has also studied and discussed a considerable number of ruined buildings in that area pointing out factors positive on damage-causing and also some suggestion about them.

Since the early of polyphonic music the Tritonus was a subject of special importance to all composers who dealt with the theory of music. Ju the following article J try to explain the function of Tritonus in my compositional theory.