Journal of Military Medicine
Year:2003 | Volume:5 | Issue:3|Papers Count:16

Measles is a contagious respiratory viral infection that accompanied with skin rash and koplicks spote. Vaccination against measles caused reduction of this disease in world but miniepidemic of measles was occurred in young adult and is an important health problem for our country. This study was done for the response evaluation of immunity against measles in soldiers of Sepah Pasdaran earth force. In this study a total 360 soldiers was evaluated and tooke a question or chart contain of age, education level, history of measles, history of contact with measles case, measles in family and history of vaccin.ation against measles were obtained and IgG and IgM confirmed with EUSA Test with level of cut- off OD in 5 ml blood that taken from each cases. Data was computerisd and analysed with SPSS program. In this study total of cases were man with mean age of 20.46 + 0.89 and 22.5% were serologic negative. Increased education level have direct relation with serologic positively and was significant difference (P < 0.02). The over all history of vaccination was 21.3% negative and 78.7% positive. IgM was 51.1% positive. Because a total 22.8% was not protective against measles and recent outbreak of measles in Iran, vaccination are recommended be offered for soldiers and young adult.

This is a clinical trial study was performed to assess the impact of position change on heart beat and respiratory rate in warfare victims with COPD. In this study 31 patients were rested in supine, semifowlers, prone, right and left lateral positions. And heart beat and respiratory rate measured by monitor & chronometer each 0, 5 and 15 min. The results of this study showed that position change to semifowlers at 0 and 15 minutes (P= 0.005) to left lateral at 0 and 5 min. (P = 0.004), lead to change pulse rate, also the comparison of various changes of position in the same time in supine, semifowlers positions were statistically significance (P = 0. 005), i.e. pulse rate increased when changed supine to semi fowlers position. Also, in various positional changes weren't effect on respiratory rate at least 15 minutes. In generally, we recommended that selecting position regarding to patients well being feeling.

Scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei and its characteristics are dermal diseases, including papule/noduls with itching especially during the night. The disease can be seen during natural disasters as well as war time, when the health condition becomes of lack of hygiene level in the community. Therefor the disease could be seen in these situations as epidemic form. This cross-sectional study, seven barracks as a training centers of soldiers belong to land forces of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps were studied during 1999-2000. Clinical symptoms of patients recorded In order to diagnostic, Indian ink was applied for individual patient who suffered from the disease signs and symptoms. During this study, 35000 soldiers with under Diploma degree (high School), 23000 soldiers as Diploma degree and 850 technician and soldiers higher university education were studied. The data were analysed by spss version 10 software. Only 66 patients diagnosed as scabies, prevalence was I. I in 1000 and the remained of soldiers were well and healthy free of the disease. The result showed that (52)78.8% soldiers were under Diploma degree. The soldiers who have had a bath once a week they had the highest proportion of infection (54.8 %). With regard to blanket situation for soldiers who applied re- used blankets also had highest infection too (95.2 %). We investigated total, prevalence rate of disease with 1.1x 10-.The disease is endemic in many developing countries including Iran. However, the disease can be seen in epidemic form in disaster situations or wartime conditions. As a results of lack of hygiene, either as a personal or public requirement. Fortunately, the disease was well controlled in different training barracks, which mentioned above, because of improvement of soldiers hygiene in recent years. This indicates that, investment of health in these communities. Strongly correlated to reduction of PR of the disease. Based on this findings the highest proportion of infection were seen in patients with parents job as farmer (P<0.05).

Brucellosis is a zoonosis disease that reported from every part of the world. Causative agent is an intracellular organism that invades to any organ of human body and produces various clinical infections. Some organisms may escape from different antibiotic effects, causing a re-infection and relapse. In this study, efficiency of different treatment regimes has been compared for the ability to clearance the infection and to prevent from the relapse. In this research, all hospitalized patients from 1994 to 1997 that had brucellosis were studied for relapse. Diagnosis of the brucellosis relapse was based on having brucellosis symptoms during two past years and positive results of serology or culture. In this study, 36 cases of relapse were observed from a total of 542 patients having brucellosis. 22 patients were under treatment by three antibiotics Therapy regimes that relapse was observed only in 1 case (4.54%). 95.38% of studied patients had treated with two antibiotics therapy. Streptomycin and rifampin shows the highest number of relapse (8.33%), while rifampin and cotrimoxazole is the most successful method among two antibiotics therapies with only 4.78% of relapse rate. This study showed that the rate of relapse not only is acceptable in comparison with other reports, but confirmed rifampin and co-trimoxazole is the most successful regimes. Also three antibiotic therapies do not have obvious advantages from rifampin and co-trimoxazole.

Arthropods are the biggest group of invertebrate animals and due to their great morphological and physiological adaptation they are compatible with many ecosystems. They are the most important and biggest enemy of human being regarding to economic and medical issues. They directly (biting, sting, noise) and indirectly (transmitting pathogenic agents) cause many health problems to human. Presence of crowded people and human group congregation in army garrisons and barracks, veteran, refugees camps and in unexpected events such as earthquake, lack of basic health facilities could accelerate the occurrence of epidemics diseases by arthropods. Hence acknowledge of arthropod fauna is a necessary means for make decision and strategy in the mentioned places and situations. There are numerous many garrisons in Jahrome County where its climate is tropical and is associated to some arthropods borne diseases such as Leishmaniasis. This study was conducted to identify arthropod fauna in Jahrom Imam Khomeini garrison. Samples were collected from there using different collection methods such as light traps, aspirator and nets from autumn 2001 till autumn 2002. Results showed that the collected samples belong two subphylums, two classes, 8 orders, 13 families, 12 subfamilies, 16 genera, 21 species, plus 9 rodents belongs to one species. Among the identified arthropods, there were some important medically diseases such as Phlebotomus sergenti and Ph. papatasi which are probable Zoonotic Cuataneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL). These results highlight the importance of faunestic studies and could help workers involved in control programmers.

The causes and incidence of facial fractures are various and continue to change studies form Nigeria, Libya, Europe, and the United States showed that traffic accidents were the most frequent because official fractures. Now, assaults are the most common cause of facial Both the incidence and etiology of maxillofacial fractures vary from one country to another. Reports on the causes and incidence of maxillofacial fractures in Middle Eastern countries are few. No reports on the incidence and etiology of maxillofacial injuries in Iran have been published. Our study evaluated 211 male and 26 female patients 3 to 73 years of age. The age, sex, cause of injury, site of injury. Type of injure, treatment modalities and complications were evaluated. There were 173 mandibular, 33 maxillary. 32 zygomatic, 57 zygomatico – orbital and 5 cranial, 5 nasal and 4 frontal injuries. Regarding distribution of mandibular fractures the most 32%, were seen in the condylar region, 29.3% in the symphyseal - parasymphyseal region 20% in the angle region, 12.5% in the body 3.1 in the ramus, 1.9% in the dentoalveolar, and 1.2% in the coronoid region. The distrbution of maxillary fractures was: LeFort II in 18, LeFort I in 8, LeFort III in 4, and alveolar in 3, Car accidents caused 73 (30.8%), motorcycle accidents 55 (23.2%) , falls 48 (20.3%) alercations 23 (9.7%), sports 15 (96.3%), and warfare 23 (9.7%) of the mascullofacial injuries. In these study road accidents (cars and motorcycles) were the most common cause of these fractures and comprised 54% of the etiology of the fractures.

The aim of this study evaluated the effects of sulfure mustard (SM) on alveolar, lung aranchym and designed lung chemical agent exposure animal model. Seventhly eight NMRI 3 months old Rats (weight 200±40g) were selected and randomly divided groups sham, control and Experimental based on duration of exposure and dosage of intraperitoneal injection (JP). Sham and groups received thyroids buffer (sulfur mustard solution) or nothing respectively. Five groups received once different doses of SM (2.5/5/10/20/40 mg/kg). All experimental groups, for evaluation of subacute and chronic stage, different doses of SM injected and after 24 hours, 2 weeks and 8 weeks misecared. Dissected and 5 samples were taken from right lung tissue. All samples were fixed, embedded in parafin wax and serially sectioned in 5 micron pieces by microtome. Then they were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin. These results showed that the effects of SM an alveolar and paranchym depend on doses and remain for along time. Among experiments groups, Lesion of alveolar structure and paranchym were the highest than sham and control groups too. Depending on doses, Histopathological changes such as edema, inflammation and hemorrhage (Less in 2.5mg/kg and highest in 40mg/kg) were observed. In conclusion: This result showed that, the SM exposure lung rat good animal model for study of effects of SM on lung tissue.  

Nowadays numerous types of first aid bags and pouches with various shapes, sizes and contents are being produced kind of. such as: First aid kits in houses, workshops, fire stations, rescue teams, schools, first aid stations and military forces. The designers and producers of these bags with such vast varieties intend to acquire the best results in the primary stages of the rescue process considering the existing difficulties. This also counts for providing the aid bags for military forces and units, which have an exclusive significance. This article discusses the various types of military individual aid kits and the different factors, which should be taken in to consideration in manufacturing such products. In addition this article emphasizes the significance of various aid kits in military forces, ranks (based on their mission) and provides a general view in this regard.  

New revolution in biology began in the 1970s with a set of techniques known as genetic engineering, or recombinant DNA technology and has since been expanded by development of rapid DNA sequencing technology. These techniques are similar to a two-edged sword. While providing an increasing number of methods for producing of biotechnologies products such as foods, drugs and vaccines, although shed new light on methods to producing genetically modified or transgenic organisms. The potential types of novel biological agents that could be produced through genetic engineering are new microorganisms that have never exited; benign microorganisms, genetically altered to produce a toxin, or bio regulator; microorganisms with increased pathogenicity; microorganisms resistant to antibiotics, standard vaccines and therapeutics; immunologically altered microorganisms able to defeat standard identification, detection and diagnostic methods; microorganisms with altered antigenic structures; microorganisms with enhanced aerosol, environmental stability; and microorganisms that specifically harm certain target populations. For producing of genetically modified organisms, genetic engineers apply horizontal gene transfer techniques. They have made a huge variety of artificial constructs to cross species barriers and to invade genomes. The artificial constructs or transgenic DNA typically contain genetic material from bacteria, viruses and other genetic parasites. These constructs are structurally unstable and enhance horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer may spread transgens to entire biosphere.

Development of various industries and consequently increase of waste production from these industrial activities have created the environmental damages and public health problems. With respect to the chronic environmental effects of these pollutants, their intensive and extensive impacts have been affected and ignored in many occasions. Meanwhile, the effects of chemical warfare agents such as sulfur mustard SM, Arsenic agents lewisite and cyanide compounds with its terrible impacts during 8 years war between Iran and Iraq as a strong pollutant producing agent against the military forces and drinking waters in the field is noteworthy. These pollutants may cause severe environmental problems such as water pollutions, Due to their chemical properties and lack of proper treatment processes. Surveys show that various methods have been suggested for the removal of arsenic and cyanide compounds from water and wastewater, but treatment of water and wastewater which contaminated by SM, has not been studied or the results of studies have not been published. In this review article chemical and physical properties of SM and also treatment procedure of polluted water and waste water with SM will be discussed.