Journal of Military Medicine
Year:2007 | Volume:9 | Issue:1 (31)|Papers Count:14

Introduction: T-2 toxin has destructive effect on different part of immune system such as Bone marrow, Spleen, Thymus, Lymphnode, and immune cells. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of T-2 toxin on cell viability and Nitric Oxide (NO) release by mice peritoneal macrophages(mF). Materials and Methods: Mice were anesthetized and had their macrophages collected. The macrophages were washed three times, counted and plated out at 1x105 cells/well in 24 wells plate. Cells were incubated at 370C and 5% Co2 for 24h in the presence or absence of different concentrations of T-2 toxin. After that, supernatant was collected for NO assay (NO2 was measured as an indicator of NO) and cell viability was checked by trepan blue die.Results: The Results showed that, maximum cell death and minimum NO release was induced in response to 100 ng/ml of T-2 toxin (P<0.01). There was no significant differences between control groups and those cells which received less than 1mg/ml T-2 toxin in term of cell death. In conclusion, it seems that cell death is Nitric Oxide independent, and T-2 toxin at low concentrations may have immunomodulatory effect on macrophage function.

Introduction: Many of mustard gas exposed veterans complain of respiratory problem during sleep. Mustard gas exposure causes tracheomalasia and increased collapsibility of airway. Muscle atonia during sleep along with collapse of upper respiratory tract can cause obstructive apnea in sleep. This study is performed to evaluating respiratory sleep disorder in these veterans.Materials and methods: In a non-randomized design, 31 mustard gas exposed veterans with complaint of respiratory problem in sleep selected for polysomnography. Demographic data, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), weight, neck circumference, CBC, FBS and lipid profile obtained from all patients.Results: Mean age of patients was 46.45±11.7. The mean of BMI was 30.8±6.9 and neck circumference was 41.3±3.1. These figures in OSA group were 33.4±7.8 and 42.5±3.5 respectively. The mean of ESS score in OSA group was 14.1±8.8. The polysomnographic findings was normal in 7 patients (22.6%). In 10 patient (32.2%) show OSA with mean apnea hypopnea index of 22.3±10.2 and mean O2 saturation of 72.6±8.1, in 7 patient (22.6%) primary snoring, in 5 patient central sleep apnea and in 2 patients mixed central and obstructive sleep apnea.Discussion: Although, in the pathogenesis of OSA various factors including age, sex, smoking, and obesity have important role. But, high frequency of OSA in these patients could indicate the probable role of mustard exposure and tracheomalacia induce by it. However, proofing of this role needs a more extensive study.

Introduction: Stress-related illnesses, such as burnout, among physicians are receiving increased attention. This investigation designed to study the job stress in Sepah employers. Material and Methods: One hundred and sixty four six workers were selected randomly from Sepah in Tehran. The job stress Questionnaire and "Spio’s job satisfaction questionnaire" were given to participants and asked them to complete them. The data collected was analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlation coefficient of two variables. Results: The results demonstrate there is a significant relation between job stress and family stress and total stress.Conclusions: the result of stress questionnaire and osipow comply each other this means the stressfulness of this kind of jobs.

Introduction: Exposure of T cells with staphylococcal enterotoxns invitro condition is known to activate T cells in a subset restricted manner based on b-chain variable region (Vb) gene expression. In particular, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) activates T cells bearing Vb8.Materials and Methods: We examined the ability of SEB to activate T cells in vitro. Exposure of lymphocyte cells origin of lymph node Balb/c mice (auxiliary , Inguinal and Mesenteric node) with doses of SEB ranging from 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 ng/ml resulted in a dose dependent activation of T cells as reflected by increased proliferation that was detected by MTT assay.Results: Our results showed that in order increase of proliferation T cells, 1000 ng/ml of SEB was the best concentration. In additional, we studied the ability of SEB in create of apoptosis with Hoechst staining. Our result demonstrate that in a statistically there are not significant difference between above SEB concentrations and negative control. Therefore 1000 ng/ml of SEB don’t create apoptosis but it is just inducible lymphocyte cell.Discussion: Staphylococcal Enterotoxins is the best super antigen, and induce T-Cell suppressor, that it increase tumor cell death. Therefore, SEB is a very excellent candidate for tumor therapy.

Introduction: the bam earthquake, which struck on 26 December 2003, at 5:26 am, destructed Bam city and villages around it. In this event approximately 40000 of people were died and injured. Knowledge about type and severity of injuries in victims is useful to selection an appropriate management.Materials and methods: in this descriptive cross-sectional study, we evaluated medical records of victims whom referred to the Tehran's military and nonmilitary hospitals by statistical indices whit SPSS Version 13. These data including; admition information, Demographic data, vital sign, consciousness level, diagnostic procedures, type of injury, diagnosis, treatment type, and outcome in the Emergency department and ward.Results: From 854 victims of Bam earthquake who referred to Tehran hospitals, the number of victims were admitted in military and nonmilitary hospitals were 510 (59.7%) and 344 (40.3%), respectively. 54.7% were male. The most common Therapeutic intervention in emergency ward was fixation of limbs in 389 (50.4).Among 945 injuries, the most common diagnosis were Lower extremity fractures in 291 (30.8%). In 242 cases, surgical procedures were done. 38 victims admitted in intensive care unite. Mean of ISS (Injury Severity Score) was 6.7 and 11.9% had ISS more than 15 (severe injuries).Conclusion: Majority of problem of victims were orthopedic injuries, thus, special attention has to be focused for providing of recourses and expert personnel in peripheral areas.

Introduction: Mustard Sulfur, known as Mustard gas (MSG), which was used during Iran-Iraq ‎war, is responsible for about 1,000,000 chemical injured patients in Iran‏.‏‎ It seems that these ‎patients are at a higher risk for osteoporosis, due to corticosteroids usage as the treatment for ‎chronic complications.Materials and Methods: The study was an analytic Cross-Sectional study, performed on 56 ‎chemical injured, patients exposed to Mustard Sulfur Gas whoeferred to Baghyatollah Hospital ‎and 29 healthy males. A femore and Spine Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD) of was performed ‎for the patients using a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) technique. The collected data was ‎analyzed using SPSS 13.05. A probability value<0.05 was considered to be significant.Results: The diffeoenin femoral and spinal BMD mean values between the patients with a ‎history of MSG exposure and healthy individuals was significant. (p=0.00) The overall ‎quantitative assessment showed 39.5% osteoporosis, 46.5% osteopenia and 14% normal BMD ‎in chemical exposed patients. There was a significant relationship between MSG exposure and ‎osteoporosis status (p=0.0). No correlation was detected between Body Mass Index (BMI) and ‎Spinal and/or Femoral BMD indices. (p>0.05)‎ Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in spinal and femoral Bone Mineral Density ‎among patients exposed to MSG. The result is noticeable considering the fracture probability ‎which may deteriorate the patient's condition. Prescription of bone protecting agents may be ‎beneficial for these patients.

Introduction: According to the current resource limitation and the high economic burden of the psychiatric prolonged hospital stay, length of stay and costs of that in different settings, it has been recommended to evaluate this variable in any country. This study was conducted to evaluate the pattern of Length of stay and its correlated variables at a psychiatric ward of a general hospital in Tehran, Iran.Materials and Method: In this retrospective study, the chart of 830 military personnel who had been admitted in psychiatric ward of Baqiyatallah hospital between 2002 and 2003 were randomly selected. Length of hospital stay, demographic and clinical variables were assessed.Results: Length of hospital stay was ranged between 1 and 51 with a mean (SD) of 10.80 ± 7.69. Length of hospital stay was less than 5 days in 220 patients (26.5%), 6-10 days in 271 patients (32.7%), 11-15 days (20.7%), over than 16 days in 167 patients (20.1%). A correlation between higher length of hospital stay and higher educational level, psychotic disorders and using ECT was seen. A correlation between lower length of hospital stay and history of suicide and drug use was seen. Length of stay at hospital had not statistically significant correlation with job or marital status (p>0.05).Discussion: In the present study, over 20% of patients admitted to psychiatric ward of Baqiyatallah hospital stayed more than 16 days. High cost of prolonged stay and limitation in free hospital beds highlights the need for further study to decrease the length of stay. With this aim, paying attention to the educational level, drug addiction, suicide, and some psychiatric disorders are essential.

Objective: The result of freeze-thaw (FT) tested sera is always doubtful, and is a matter of question which is accompanied by false negative results. Aim: To determine the effect of repeated FT cycles, on the assay results of mumps IgG antibody.Materials and Methods: This prospective laboratory study includes 25 volunteers. 25 sera underwent tests for first Mumps IgG antibody, and then were frozen at -20 degrees centigrade. One week later, they were thawed and stored again at 4 degrees centigrade for one more week when the second assays, were performed. The results for mumps IgG ELISA as an effect of two FT cycles and storage temperature were reported. The results were recorded by first and second Immune Serum Ratio (ISR) value (for first and second assay) and the percentage change of ISR. A linear regression model applied for analyzing ISR change percentage.Results: There were three kinds of ISR value change as: 1-The stable ISR value (44%). 2-The decreasing change of ISR value (32%) mainly among males, older in age (14-19 years) and the first ISR more than the value of four. 3-The increasing change of ISR value (24%) which occurred in males 10-12 years with the first ISR value of 1-2 (lowest concentration). Based on regression model, level of the first ISR and group of test were significant factor for change percentage of ISR, but neither gender nor age, were significant.Conclusions: Mumps IgG antibody, as a function of two FT cycles, was affected by quantitative but not qualitative alteration. If the first ISR has value of 3-4, most probably it wills no any significant changes due to at least two FT cycles.

Introduction: AIDS is a pandemic disease and a health problem of the world. It is also important in Iran and 14000 HIV patients have been reported in this country, soldiers with high risk bihavior were at risk for HIV infection and aim of this study was evaluation effect of education on knowledge and attitude about HIV in them.Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional that conducted in 205 soldier of Baqiyatallah university in capital city of Iran in 2007.Demography data and self administer question chart implicaed in pretest and post test .After pretest, soldiers divided in randomly to three group as control without education, pamphlet and face to face education group .Data was analyzed with SPSS 12 program and T.test and chi-square was used.Results: In here all soldiers was man with mean age 22.1±1.8 SD, eduction level was in 9(4.4%) primary school and 50(26.3%) above diploma. Mean level of knowledge was17.5±4.5 and 56.7% had low and 18.5% had good level knowledge. Mean of attitude was 4.8±1.7 that 75.6% had negative attitude about HIV. These three group before education had no significant different in knowledge, attitude and practice. Knowledge and attitude were increased after education that significant different with control group in post test.Conclusion: High knowledge about this disease can diminish transsmion of HIV infection. This study showed that knowledge about HIV was low in 50% and attitude was negative in 75%. For this reason, we considered necessary of education about HIV for soldiers and pamphlet increased knowledge and face to face education increased the attitude.

Introduction: Known mental and physical capacity of human is one of the important subjects at work physiology. In work physiology, physical work capacity can be determine. In this research, physical, work capacity, maximum aerobic capacity and consummate oxygen of 36 Iranian military men personnel at age between "20-29" can be measurement. Measurement can be at normal and heat humid chamber laboratory clime.Materials and methods: Perform treadmill model 1160, Digital barometer model MD 10544, Temp sense electronic model MO2, Digital with 100 gr correlation converter. Heart rate measuring model T61 and normal solution serum. The method was used for examinations was Balk method.Results: The result of this research .show physical work capacity (PWC) in normal and very heat humid clime 3.69 and 3.41 kcal /min respectively. maximum physical capacity (MPC) at two condition, 10.87 and 10.02 kcal/min respectively .although maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) at this personnel 29.52 and 28.14 mi/kg/min respectively .average of body surface in normal and very heat humid condition was 1.88 and 1.85 m2 respectively .average length time activity in normal and heat humid is 9.37 and 8.42 min.Discussion: and conclusion: compare result of physical work capacity, maximum physical capacity and maximum aerobic capacity this personnel in two normal and heat humid clime condition indicated have a significant different. According international work organization standard this personnel can do light work in their shift work.