JOURNAL OF MILITARY MEDICINE
Year:2003 | Volume:5 | Issue:2|Papers Count:17

The Valfajr 4 operation took place in three stages in 1983 in northwestern regions of the country. In comparison whit other operations during the 8-year war, this particular operation are because of its special environmental conditions and operative restrictions, is of high significance. For the first time the medical department of Sepah (Isalmic Revolutionary Guard Crops), despite the presence of difficult conditions, implemented special methods of rescue and Transportation of casualties in mountainous circumstances. In this field operation 5742 was wounders which transported and admitted in field hospitals. In addition 520 surgical operations were performed as emergency condition. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of military medicine organization of Sepah in Valfajr 4 operations, their methods of rescue and transportation, their weak and strong points in this operation, and finally making proposals and conclusions.

This study composes of 269 patients, 98 cases military trauma and 271 cases non-military or civilian trauma. In the 50 percent of military cases the interval between trauma and surgical procedure was less than 8 hours. In this condition because of surgical failure for 3 cases limb amputation were performed and in the remaining cases the results of surgery were successful. In 18 cases (22.8%) where interval was between 8-12 hours, in 8 cases amputation were performed and finally in the remaining cases by debridement of muscle necrosis, the limb was salvaged. The results of surgical procedure in order to limb salvage were satisfactory. In about 25.15 percent of cases, the interval between trauma and surgical procedure was over 8 hours, in which 10 patients under go amputation and in the remaining by fasciotomy and debridement the limbs salvaged but with some sensory and motor disturbance. In conclusion, the indications for arterial repair after 8 hours from trauma are as follow absence of extensive skin necrosis, normal kidney function, absence of fracture or muscle necrosis in site of arterial injury, presence of adequate soft tissue for coverage of arterial graft or repair, and absence of air in tissue or crepitating. In absence of these indications, limb salvage will be failure and amputation should be performed with out delay

The existing researches showed that devotees experience depression more than normal people. The main objective of this study was to review the prevalence and also intensity of depression in 30-70 percent-injured devotees and to compare them with the society and the control group. Because of the variety in the percentages of the injuries and in physical injuries, a comparison was done about the prevalence and intensity degree of depression in the injured devotees, chemical and non-chemical ones and also the different percentages of the injuries. In this research 100 persons who were injured in the imposed war with the different percentages of injury (30-70 percent or more) with different lesions were chosen randomly and were compared with the control group. The diagnosis of depression was done by interview according to DSM- IV criteria zung test. All samples were men in the age range of 25-75 years with the mean average of38 year. The obtained results are: The prevalence of depression in all of the devotees was 71% where as in control group was 36%. The intensity of depression was more among the devotees as 31% of devotees had severed depression, which did not exist in control group. The prevalence and the intensity of depression were higher in the devotees with chemical injuries then non-chemicals. The most sever symptoms of depression were observed in devotees 30-39%, where as 64.28% showed the symptoms of sever depression and generally the severity of symptoms of depression was higher in the lower percentages of injury. Cord dissected devotees, despite the believe and having the most injuries and disabilities, showed a lower prevalence of depression. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that other factors are important in the severity and manifestations of depression in the devotees rather than physical disabilities and the effect of the diseases caused by disability which should be evaluated in the future studies.

The aim of this study was to determine the relation between life events and coping behaviors and relapse of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) signs and symptoms in a sample of war injured. In this regard, main life events and coping styles questionnaire were administered to 100 subjects. The research subjects included 50 persons with relapse of PTSD and 50 persons without relapse of PTSD signs and symptoms. Data were subjected to the paired t test. The results showed that the group with relapse of PTSD experienced more life events [t (98) =39.6; P<0.001]. In coping responses, there were significant difference between the two groups [t (98) =7.2; P< 0.001] and the group with relapse of PTSD were frequently using the escape- avoidance coping. This study revealed notably relationship between life events and coping responses with relapse of PTSD relapses.

Introduction & Aim: War stress can affect direct and indirect consequences for war injurers. If they cope effectively with this consequences, their life quality will be improved. So this study conducted to compare coping with direct and indirect consequences of war stress in later life between chemical and physical war injurers. Method: In this study 100 chemical injured and 100 physical injures were selected from stratified sampling and evaluated with interview form which extracted from total evaluating scales after war which consist of two parts, demographic and information about coping with direct and indirect consequences of war stress. Finding: In the case of coping with direct consequences both groups coped with stress but physical injurers showed more effective coping which had statistically significant difference in some items such as anger (P<0/05).Coping with indirect consequences in physical injurers was more effective (willingness to manage stress45% , low self esteem 32%).Conclusion: chemical injurers fear of their disease complications. By assess and recognition of their problems can improve effectively their life quality through out education, on time treatment and other different ways.

In this paper, effect of gamma rayon erythroid cells of bone marrow such as polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) was assessed after exposure to doses 1, 2, 5, 7.5, 10 Gray. Twenty four hours after exposure, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and bone marrow of their femurs was extracted. Then, the changes in NCE, PCE and micronucleus cells caused by radiation were considered. Standard staining and optical microscope have been used to count cells without and with micronucleus. Results showed that, relative decreasing of the number of PCE and increasing of the number of micronucleus up to dose of 2 Gray, which shows the cytotoxic and clastogenic effect, respectively. In doses higher than 2 Gray, these changes were not continued, Thus PCE increasing was seen in doses between 5 and 7.5 Gray and its decreasing was seen between 7.5 and 10 Gray. At the same doses, the number of micronucleus was also decreased. Overall, we concluded that probably defensive mechanisms of Balb/c mice in doses higher than 2 Gray are stimulated too. Therefore they have more resistance against the destructive gamma ray effects.

Laser injuries on the battlefields are a real and significant threat. Currently laser is used in modem wars for range-finding, targeting, detection, and target destruction. The military forces have devices that can accidentally blind personnel permanently. It is also possible that laser is used as anti-personnel warfare, causing decreased military performance due to impaired visual abilities of the military personnel. Laser is an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation." A laser is a device that produces an intense, narrow, and monochromatic beam of light. Key laser parameters are the wavelength, the power density, and the divergence of the radiation. The effects produced by laser radiation are dependent on the laser radiation exposure dose. Exposure to a laser could have several adverse effects. The effects include severe vision problems, skin bums, and psychological reactions. Injuries result when various body tissues absorb the energy from the laser. The most vulnerable organ is the eye, yet other structures, such as the skin, can also be affected. Medical management of laser-induced injuries includes treatment of ocular and cutaneous injuries, and psychological reactions. Prevention of these injuries is possible through using appropriate protective clothing and eyewear.

Malaria is a blood parasitic infection disease, which is present in one- third of the world as endemic form. Between 300- 500 million cases is recorded annually. 2-3 million of these are going to die as a result of infection the disease. Military troops may be attended as unpredictable conditions in endemic area. In addition impossible vector control of the disease has been caused malaria as a basic military problems in the past. Therefore this groups have been highly susceptible to the infection. Furthermore, malaria parasite has been resistant to routine antimalaria drugs and this problem is seen in Africa and Asia, However malaria vectors (Anopheles) have been resistant to different insecticides too. Malaria still is one of the main health priorities in national and international level. In order to keep military troops immune to the infection, the knowledge of different detection method, immediate treatment, the use of prevention and control measures are very important. The best control measures are; malaria study, sensitivity of at risk person, the use of health education, repellants, environmental sanitation, the correct use of insecticide in the field and the use of chemoprophylaxy with appropriate drugs. In this review article malaria will be discussed in military troops in Iran and different countries in the world during two last decades and its prevention and control measures will be presented as well.

During history, human beings always have been exposed with insects mischiefs and so have born many injuries such as malaria, plague, yellow fever and typhus. Military person is subjected more, because of settling in borderline area maneuvers and battle fields. During imposed war between Iran and Iraq many diseases such as leishmaniasis, papatasi fever, and scabies were occurring. Because of vastness and extent of situated area by military, using insecticide is impossible; as a consequence, using repellents are preferred. During recent decades, the method of impregnation of military uniforms with permethrin has been suggested. In this method, effective and safe dosage of permetrin is about 0.125- 0.250 mg/cm2. In this way, military persons are protected against many arthropods such as tick, mite, lice, fleas, bedbug and mosquitoes. Durability of permethrin on military uniforms is about 6-12 month. In some cases, the effectiveness is remains after 5-6 times washing. Up to now many countries have investigated about these Insectisides. The majority of results were satisfied. Considering this issue, many modem armies such as USA, French, Australia and Pakistan are utilizing this kind of uniforms in their Armies. In conclusion, Concerning of military uniforms impregnation with permetrine surveys should be accomplished.

Microbial strain typing is an integral part of epidemiological investigations of infectious diseases. This process is important epidemiological for recognizing outbreaks of infection, detecting the cross-transmission of nosocomial pathogens, determining the source of the infections, recognizing particularly virulent strains of organisms, and evaluation of control measures. Typing methods fall into two broad categories: phenotypic and genotypic methods. Phenotypic methods are rely on the expression of particular properties belonging to the organism and have a tendency to vary. Genotyping methods are based on analysis of the genetic material of a microorganism and less subject to natural variation. In recent years, several molecular techniques have emerged as choice methods for microbial typing. Molecular typing methods have several advantages over traditional approaches, including higher discriminatory power, broader application to a variety of microbial species, at times, and speed. In this review, some of the most current technology particularly molecular typing methods for microbial typing with regard to the principles of the methods and their reproducibility, discrimination power, and ease of use, are compared.