Journal Of Religious Thought
Year:2010 | Volume:- | Issue:34|Papers Count:14

It is attributed to Shiekh al-Ishraq that he holds the principality of quiddity. But this has been doubted by great philosophers such as Mulla Sadra and Allamah Tabataba'i. The present paper is going to trace the proofs of principality of existence to the Sheikh al-Ishraq's writings. So, presenting the meanings of existence and quiddity, the paper propounds ten proofs of those holding the principality of existence; it attempts to show roots of the ten proofs of the principality of existence in the works of Sheikh al-Ishraq and claims that Sheikh al-Ishraq means the concept of existence, rather than the reality of existence, when he says that existence is mentally posited.As a result, one can consider Sheikh al-Ishraq as those maintaining the principality of existence.

This article is directed towards learning Jewish traditional teachings on human destiny after death. It has been documented to The Old Testament and Talmud besides three Apocalyptic Literature (namely Second Book of Ezra, First Book of Enoch, Theosophy of Solomon). The study of after-life and related themes such as Sheol (nether-land), its attributes and transition of views related to deads' conditions, their resurrection and its end, the coming of Messiah, the conditions of his coming and its proceeded and followed events, Messianic period and its characteristics, the judgment, reward and punishment of human acts and the meaning of eternal life all are discussed to attain an essential doctrine on eschatology.

Formalization is a fundamental issue in philosophical logic, and its nature has been examined vastly by logicians. It can be defined, in a sense, as a formal analysis of propositions and arguments, without considering their sense, in order to reveal their logical structure. Concerning the notions of function and variable in mathematics as well as the distinction between concept and object, Frege-the founder of modern logic-analyzed a proposition into two parts: predicative (unsaturated) and non-predicative (saturated); and the very analysis is the base of formalization in modern logic.However, validity of the arguments is the target of formalization, since validity-preserving guarantees the soundness of formalization. Logical constants are fundamental elements in logical structures and have a very important role in formalization. However, logicians proposed different criteria for their determination, each of which results in a change in the method of formalization in logic. In this article we show that different logical systems may have different criteria for their logical constants and whether we are to establish a system or want to extend its logical constant affects our decision concerning those criteria.

Ethical intuitionism is one of the most important ethical schools in 20th century. Ethical objectivism, ethical fundamentalism in epistemology and mental maturity for understanding the self-evident truths are the three main principles of this school. Qadi Abd al-Jabbar (325-414 A.H) as an influential Iranian Muslim theologian in his Kalami (theological) books has some opinions that are very similar to ethical intuitionism thought; particularly in principles that mentioned above.In this paper I try to show this similarity.

There has been a famous dispute among Muslim theologians concerning the relation between God's will and human's act. This dispute can be seen in commentaries of the Qur' an. This paper will review the subject from the viewpoints of two asharite and shi' i commentators namely Fakhr Razi and Tabrasi.Fakhr Razi holds that God is the creator of all beings including human acts, good or evil. But Tabrasi says that evils are never the object of God's will. We will discuss whether this difference is verbal or real.

In this paper, first on the basis of Farabi's viewpoints in Integrating between Views of Sages, the theory of Ideas is briefly expressed and then in three parts, it is critiqued and investigated. In the part B.1, through indicating The Ideas on the viewpoint of Plato and Aristotles' criticisms of it, we consider Farabi' s reading of The Ideas as forms in divine knowledge unlike Platos intention. In the part B.2, on the basis of The Theology Platinus' intention is considered differing from that of Farabi. In the part B.3, concerning The Ideas as forms in divine knowledge, we survey divine knowledge.In the part C, we present ultimate consequence.

The theory of the perfect man in Islamic mysticim is derived from the Qur'an and the Tradition. It can also be found in other religions. After monotheism and knowledge of God this subject is the most important theme in the divine religions. But among all religions, Islam has more emphasis on this subject and among Muslim thinkers Ibn Arabi is the hero of it.In this paper we will discuss Ibn Arabi's viewpoint concerning the perfect man based on the Qur'anic verses and the prophet sayings.