JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2007 | Volume:- | Issue:52 (SPECIAL ISSUE ON HISTORY)|Papers Count:20

During the early months of post-revolution Russia, Karl Bravin was sent to Iran Bolsheviks as the new ambassador. The new government of Russia tried establishes a close relation with Iranian political parties such as Democrat Party; its attempt was not successful. The Iranian prime ministers during this time not meet with Bravin and after about six months he came back to Russia unsuccessfully. The main topic of this article is about Iran-Soviet relations during this time and the role of Britain in the failure of Bravin in Tehran, hence this article is going to respond to two main questions: 1-What was the main goal of soviet policy toward Iran during that time? 2- What were the role of Britain policy toward and the new government of Russia at that time?.

Religion has been with mankind even before it became an institution in society. The most primitive beliefs in a very simple form appeared in man's min Man's beliefs gradually became complicated in accordance with the completion man's mind and tools. So, contrary to views of some cultural anthropologists study Paleolithic man, it seems impossible for man to spend his life in hundreds of thousands of years without religious beliefs. Showing scientific proofs is the purpose of this article. This article is without wishful thinking or looking down some anthropologists.

It seems that the thought of unity of Islamic religions was first announced by Nader Shah on his coronation day. This idea which was based upon the needs and necessities of the time as well as the military objectives of Nader paved the way for the entrance of Sunni Ilat and Ashaier in Nader Shah's army. The earliest groups of Sunni Ilat entered the army during the first decade of Nader's activities after he conquered Herat in 1144/1731 and it was continued afterwards. These Ilat, who were mainly from north-eastern Iran, played an important role in internal and external wars and influenced the decisions of Snah in due course. The first influence of Ilat on Nader's decision-makings was when he besieged Baghdad in 1146/1733.When the shrine of Abu-Hanifah Imam, the leader of Hanafi religion in Kazemein, was plundered by Shiite soldiers, the Sunni military commanders asked Nader to stop them. He not only ordered to compensate for the losses, but also included in his program the pilgrimage of Abu-Hanifah's shrine and giving Nozurat (money) and Hadaya (gifts) to the shrine after the last besiege of Baghdad in 1156/1744. The second case of influence was at the time of khwarezm rebellion In 1155/1743. After the killing of Aral Ilat governor and disorders that broke out in the province, the Sunni military chiefs of Uzbek and khwarezm pleaded Nader to appoint Abu-Ghazi Khan, the son of the former late Khan of Khwarezm the new governor. Nader Shah accepted their demand due to their special military service.

The Iranian Constitutionalism Movement entered a new phase when the Order of Constitution was issued by Qajar King Mozaffar-al-din. This phase, indeed, should be brought into consideration as the formation period of a new political system based on the state's political elites in a new sense as well as practical challenges of the political powers. In this period, lasting over the life of the first parliament, there appeared a legal formation accompanied with some phases of practical formation of a new political system. Iranians in this period experienced their life within a new political atmosphere wherein some behaviors as well as some historical events appeared and turned a new page in the history of Iran. Recognition of the grouping of the political powers as well as their interaction and challenges on the one hand, and, on the other, the logic of the political behavior of the political wing, is the most important issue in the political evolution of this period. That is why, in this article we try to recognize the different aspects of the nature of the political challenges in the first experiences of the Iranian Constitutionalism.

Anatuli had been one of the most important centers of communication between East and West during centuries before the appearance of Mongol. The main commercial routes between East and West were under the control of the Mongol Empire. The vastness of the empire produced a flourishing of commercial economy and Anatuli had an important and effective role in the current commercial exchanges. This paper intends to study and analyze the importance of Anatuli role in flourishing the commercial economy of Mongol's era. The situation of Anatuli on the one hand and the support of the Ilkhans on the other hand created the expansion of regional and international trades and a prosperous condition in Ilkhans' empire.

This article deals with the analysis of tribal system as a means for justification of events occurred after the War of Siffin and led to the formation of early Khawarij. It is shown that the existing competition amongst the Arab tribes dwelling in Iraq definitive role in the appearance of Kharijism. Analyzing the situation of each tribe its participation in the War of Siffin and the event of Hakamiyya, it is clarified political challenges have left direct influence on the formation of Khawarij specified tribe: Regarding relationships inside a tribal union, challenges of peripheral (satellite) tribes with the core made the ground for the appearance of Kharijism peripheral area. Regarding internal relationships inside a tribe, the political the center of the tribe has also led to the appearance of Kharijism in the branches of the tribe. It is worthy to consider that the first type of tension has unstable Kharijism, in spite of the second type which has led to stable form.

From the beginning of the Ghaznavid's reign, its army was involved in structural conflicts. These conflicts in different periods - whether in the form of internal uprisings, civil war, power conflicts and competition among the political elites and ruling classes - brought about disruption and inefficiency in the army. These conflicts began from the reign of Alepta kin and lasted until the rule of Khosrou Malek, the last king of the dynasty (351-582 Hijra). Obviously, during the rule of Mahmod and Mas'ud, because of high standing of the army, the manifestation of these conflicts was much higher than the other periods. This paper studies these conflicts and will argue that the structure of the Ghazanvid's army had an impact on the function of the army.

Change is one of the vital requirements of man and education is the only means by which the change will be an achieved. Evolution and change is a characteristic of Iran's society during the period of the Safavids. It is of importance to ask how the statesmen of the Safavid period orient their people to reach their goals in politics, religion, as well as economics. The result of this research shows that the Safavid kings took advantage of all traditional and modern institutions such as mosques, monasteries, schools, tea-houses, and the like to reach their goals. Thisa research has been carried out by the use of historical methods.

In Ibn Arabi's mysticism human being is considered a historical being nor a substantial one, as believed by Aristotle. According to historical Gods attributes at any given era, the reality emerges in a specific way and human, as complementary embodiment existence, has deep relation to the historical emergence of reality. Knowing self embodiment, human being is able to pass the history and time and achieve eternity. In this way, historical a of Ibn Arabi toward human being becomes totally different from the primordial view of history toward modern era, because out of history there is no reality while in Mohioddin's mysticism human being tries to exit from the history and achieve the reality of universe.

Why, how and when does the thought of Universal History start? What process does it go through? What effects does it have on historiography in each stage? What effects and consequences does globalization of history have on the field of philosophy of history and historiography? This article is a brief deliberation on these subjects.

In 1652 the Dutch travelers coming from the Netherlands took over the southern lands and. started to spread their sovereignties. In the early 1800's the British Empire claimed the southern lands as one of her colonies. The Dutch or so named Boers took off towards the north and so it was those both white groups (the British and Dutch) captured the lands of the blacks and fought against the natives for their own sakes. Particularly the British army destroyed the “so said" Zulu Kingdom which was actually the biggest and strongest natives tribe ruling over what is now known as NATAL. Whenever the Boers discovered something new the British attacked and took over it. Whereas the last examples where the great mines of gold and diamond in the Transvaal Area. The Boers of course fought back and that was how the great Anglo-Boer took place. The result was a new democratic republic ruled by both British and the Boers. A strong and later to be advanced country was named "the Republic of South Africa". But the whites still humiliated and exploited the blacks, while using them as hard workers in mines and factories. They were expelled to small town-ships away from technology and civilization. The pressure of the Apartheid and the exploitation of races, especially on the blacks on one hand and international incidents such as black movements in the United States as well as global policy pressures on the White government forced them to accept black votes during the election, hoping that the votes of whites will exceed the blacks. But the result was the other way around.

The first Qajar attempt to have power over Iran - after the fall of Safavids – was started by Fathali Khan the Great, who is famous as the ancestor of Qajar kings. While Tahmasb Mirza Safavi had called on him to help, Fathali Khan thought about sovereignty. At first he endeavored to overcome Tahmasb and his little troops in Ashraf (in Mazandaran province) but he became disappointed and consequently Fathali Khan accepted defeat. Tahmasb, annoyed with Fathali Khan, attracted Nader Quli Mirza and put Fathali Khan to death after going to Mashhad. By Fathali Khan''S murder, the first Qajar attempt to ascend the throne was frustrated.

The Aq-qoyunlus played an important role in the establishment of the Safavid dynasty especially in Joneid and Sheikh Heydars era. Both these rulers were indebted to Aq-qoyunlus, especially Ozoon Hassan for their political and naval achievements. After the extinction of Qave-qayunlus, the Aq-qoynlus did not need to unite with the Safavids. Besides Jacob increasingly felt the threat of a trained and supplied army. Therefore, the conflict between them led to the extinction of Aq-qoyunlus by the Safavids. After the defeat, they served the Safavids. Throughout the Safavid era, from Shah Ismail (1) to Shah Abbass (1) although they served the Safavids, they tried to weaken them by all means. They revolted several times, helped Ottomans after the death of King Tahmasb and they united with the Takloos. They served an important role in all the events which led to the weakness of the Safavids until Shah Abbas.

The most invoked sources I have ever referred to in writing this article is the collection of "Asnad e Gharardad-ha" (contract documents) available in the "Organization of Iranian National Archives", by means of which I am trying to answer this important question: "Has Constitutional Revolution of Iran ever had any civil achievements?" By means of a series of documents concerning "Banque d'Escomte de Pers", "Lynch Brothers", "Russian Khoshtaria Company", "Treasurer General", "Lianasoff Company", and "American Gharagoozian Company" in Ghazvin, it will be known that Iran, in the age of Constitutional Revolution, entered a new social atmosphere of modernism, an incomplete experience through which Iranian society became more mature and experienced in the future.

Even though Sayyid Ajall was originally from Bukhara, not only Bukhara but Trans Oxiana was unknown to Iranians after it was separated from Iran following the Samanid fall and governed by a Turkish dynasty of Qatakhanid, which ruled over the territory until the Mogul invasion. For this reason, very little information is remained about Trans Oxiana in Persian historical sources. Sayyid Ajall was known to Iranians by his title and not by his real name Shams al-Din Omar. He was known through a historical book of Rashid ad-din Fazl Allah, who was roughly contemporary with Sayyid Ajall. As the Iranian ilkhanid gained independence from the Chinese Yuan dynasty, the information about this prominent Persian became increasingly scarce, so much so that when a descendant of Sayyid Ajall extended his genealogy to him in the 10th/16th centuries, probably very few people realized that he meant the same great Iranian official. This link was not reflected in later Persian historical sources. In modern times, because Iranian Studies and Chinese Studies have gone their own ways, and because Persian and Chinese scholars are not acquainted with each other's languages and cultural heritage, the opportunity for discovering this link was missed and, as far as our research shows, no one has apparently paid any attention to Sayyid Ajall's descendants in Iran.

The appearance and development of western modern civilization resulted in its dominance on all the other human civilizations, so it caused a kind of imposition of modernization on all the mentioned civilizations, although any kind of practical measurement regarding modernization represents only its outward aspects. The main and basic aspect of modernization refers to the method of thought and the receiving of modernization concepts and receptions related to it includes some different aspects. The strategy of modernization is the main aspect of its thought. Thus, it clarifies both the result, aim and the way of reaching modernization. The findings of this research claim that there were different strategies of modernization from Qajar era to the appearance of constitutionalism, none of them, except their essence, convert to a conquering and directing paradigm in Iranian society. Finally the method of reception and the related strategy turned to a kind of crisis of affairs.

History is shaped upon real events of life and historiographers through witnessing or having access to eyewitnesses' accounts on these events attempt to describe and analyze them. Of course, these descriptions and analyses play an important role in the cultural understanding of a nation. The main argument of this article is that these descriptions and analyses eventually take the form of some "texts" (verbal or other forms). In other words, the outcome of them changes or reduces to a system of language (text) - and particularly verbal text. Therefore, historical documents and texts are bound by the potentials and limitations of language. The questions of this article are as follows: Is historiography made possible merely through linguistic representation? What are the linguistic limitations of historical texts? To what extent can historical texts be objective? Can we consider the nature of history as textual? Is there any substantial distinction between historiography and narrating stories?

Studying the paradigms of growing city spaces and shapes during the Middle Ages and analyzing the relation of that with socio-economic changes which occurred in cities make it possible to recognize the role of social forces in civil life and also the process of changing in town forms. According to this, expanding the form of city is like a reflection of social changes of inner cities. In this article, the reasons of changes in the shape of Iranian city are surveyed and these changes will be studied by attending to inner and outer factors. The question is: How much would the changes which happened in city relations of Iran be affected by changing of inner conditions and growing of city socio-economic relation and how much would be affected by outer reasons and condition that influence socio-economic city life?