JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:38(2)|Papers Count:15

The "Political History of The Sasanid", authored by Abdolhossein Zarrinkub, Ph.D. and Roozbeh Zarrinkub, fourth volume, deals with a period of the ancient Iranian history, which has been compiled and published for students of graduate program in history by the Organization for Studies and Compilation of Academic Textbooks of Humanities (SAMT). Writer of the present article analyzes and offers a critique on this book and enumerates the critical cases in details and in separated forms. Besides, Mr. Roozbeh Zarrinkub, one of the authors of the book, once informed on critique, has given a detailed response in another article, which is printed in the same issue of the journal after this article.

The word "History" is used in the Persian Language in two meanings: 1. A collection of written scientific, theoretical and intellectual activities of the historians which is the same as "Science of History"; 2. A collection of incidents and events occurred by the human which implies history in its conventional meaning and is used without adding the word "Science". If we could determine the manner of recognition or acquiring knowledge of history in the second meaning, namely, as a collection of events, the existence of something called "Science of History" would also be proven, thus, we may say that the science of history is really a "Science". The present article by considering the ideas of scientists and historians from the earliest time up to the beginning of the twentieth century, distinguishes the two different meanings of history and follows the developments in the current outlooks about history as well as its regularity and eventuality.

Issues relevant to legalism, civil institutions and establishment of civil society in Iran has been raised for more than a century. Over the period lots of research, articles, seminars and studies have been conducted, however, in practice the community has witnessed non-establishment of relations, communicationsand civil institutions. The question is that, "What are the hindrances of this process in the country?" The answer may be the internal tyranny, foreign influence, role of the elite and other factors. Among these factors, the present article examines the role "of the elite and its posJtive and negative effect on the establishment of the civil society.

War and violent conflicts are undoubtedly one of the most important challenges of the contemporary communities. Increasing awareness of the risks and unpleasant consequences of such conflicts between the human beings and also the communities have been addressed by extensi:ve efforts and measures of different international organizations, and lots of resources have been spent on the resolution of these conflicts. However, little attention has been paid to the reasons of the occurrence of these incidents particularly in the process of the education of children and young adults. The present research studies and analyzes one of the most important elements of the educational system of Iran, namely, the textbooks of the primary schools in light of the concepts of peace and war, and enumerates the strong and weak points of the current curricula from different angles and dimensions

Georaphic and climate conditions of the northern regions are caused that the mentioned areas have a different trend of cultural, political and historical point of view than the other areas. In the general view, all of the southern areas of the Caspian sea are like each other, but the mentioned areas divided to different parts in history and each part was continuing its existence separately. On the general division, the Caspian sea littoral states divided to two provinces; Gilan and Mazandaran. In historical records, these two provinces have always the fixed borders and the rulling dynasties of each area were rulling in their own areas. With the exact studing in historical records, we meet a little but important area that has a basic role in historical geographe of Gilan and Mazandaran. The area, Tonekabon, with the natural borders has establisheda standing area between Mazandaran and Gilan. "Hodood - al - Alam" is the oldest geography book that named Tonekabon. Therefore, from the fourth century Hegira(AH) on, an area with more than 100 kilometers longitude between Gilan and Mazandaran is mentioned in the records. Tonekabon takes its name of "Toneka" castle. "Toneka" castle was in the top of the low hill and controlled the plain areas. The presentation of Khalatbari dynasty in Tonekabons political arena, labeled an historical identity to the area.

One of the major political - social juncture in the history of Kerman took place during the Ghajarid Dynasty between 1796 to 1992, during which Agha Mohammad Khan of Ghajar turned Kerman into a ruin by a savage attack and brought the greatest misfortune to this region. However, four years after this painful catastrophy, Fathali Shah (Agha Mohammad Khans successor to the throne) encouraged by the great and in order to compendate for the destruction and losses inflicted on Kerman, appointed his cousin Ibrahim Khan Zahiroddoleh Ghajar as the ruler of Kerman. He ruled there for thirty seven years, followed by Mohammad Ismail 1 Khan Nouri Esfandiari (Vakilolmolk, the first) and his son Morteza Gholi Khan (Vakilolmolk, the second), who ruled in Kerman for a total period of 20 years. They originated lots of flourishing and valuable services, and this article elaborates on the rule and services of this clan (The Esfandiaris) in Kerman.

The Ismailiyeh Sect (as one of the most dynamic Islamic sects) have always been a preoccupation of the historians and particularly researchers of the Islamic history. The thoughts and ideals of the early theorists of this sect have been investigated from different aspects. Meanwhile, the books of characterology of Imamiyeh have well followed up the aspects of shiism in the Imamiyeh Shia during the second and third centuries of Hegira with a realistic outlook. Subject of the present article is how the sources of Imamiyeh Shia (Maajem characterology of Tousi, Najashi, Kashi,...) look at the genesis of this sect. The research methodology of this article is based on a comparison between original characterological sources of Imamiyeh and other sources of the Sunni Muslims. The research reveals that there are two approaches concerning the character of Ismail: 1. The approach of the Sunni Muslims and recently the western researchers who have introduced Ismai! as a morally perverse individual, and 2. The Imamiyeh approach, reflected in the Maajem characterologicalbooks, which acquits Ismail. The final summing up of the information furnished by the Imamiyeh sources proves that Abolkhatab was a indecent individual and an exaggerator, however, Maymoon Ghadah and his son Abdol1ah in view of the existence of numerous individuals with similar names have been reliable persons and disciples of Imam Sadegh (PBUH).

The revolt of Balkans started from Bosnia- Hersegovina in 1876, Cuntinued in Bulgaria and caused the Russian intervention. The war of Russia against Ottoman Empire began in 1877 with cooperation of the Balkanic nations. By San-stefano Treaty,the great Bulgaria was founded. The European refused this treaty and proposed another congrees for solve the eastern problems. The Barlin Congrees of 1878 resolve the present crisis but created another problem which conduct the Eurpoe to the great war in 1914.

In Zuhajjah 18 A H. / June 17, 656 A D., the third caliph of Rashidun was killed by Bedouin Muslims, while the Hazarit Muslims did not support him. To describe this phenomenon, some historic points of those days must be studied. These points, which are not suitably considered till now, can be itemized in three items: Muslim Bedouins and their background, superiority of Banu Umayya in Uthmanic era and the caliphs economic policies. In this article, the writer studies these points.

Although Muslims offered a grei:lt civilization and an exalting culture to the western Europe during their rule over Spain (Andalusia), it was finally the followers of Christ who put and end to the chapter of their brilliant history in that territory in 1492 AD., achieving a monolithic political power, and then tried to create a cultural integrity in their country. To this end they decided to bring the Muslims residing in Spain into a harmony with the Christian community even in terms of religious beliefs. The present article discusses the reaction of the Muslim minorities in Spain (Morriscos) in facing with the forceful Christianization phenomenon, and explains how and through what special policies Morriscos defended their faith against the measures of the rulling Christians to impose Christianity on them.

Paper money for the first time in the history of Iran gave currency in Ilkhanids age. The rulling class who was countered with an economic crisis tried to manage this crisis by substitution for metallic currency the paper money. The new currency not only couldnot control this crisis but also widespread it to political and social extents, because it has not roots in economic and social realities of Iranian community. this economic invitation which required a suitable security space was considered and imposed issue in Iranian society, then it couldnot response to the inconstant situation of Irans economics generally and this economic crisis of this era specially. The lack of popular acceptance on to paper money be considered in this disability. By considering the background of the subject and comparing the situations in which the paper money was accepted in China but refused in Iran, this research with a comprehensive vision has attempted to investigate the causes of disfunctionaIity of paper money in Geikhatu reign.

Research and survey on the Islamic coins and their genesis in the Muslim World is considered as one of the known topics in the Islamic culture and civilization. From the early years of emergence of Islam, Muslims thought about coining. They minted some kind of coins but these coins were not formalized until the rule of Abdolmalek Marwan. He began to mint coins in the Muslim World for the first time and was followed by other Muslim Caliphs who paid much attention to coining. The Fatimid Caliphs were not exceptional, since they minted coins in various fashions. It can therefore be concluded that the coins minted by one caliph were different from what were minted by the other. The present article discusses the characteristics of the coins minted by each of these Caliphs respectively, and examines their innovations in this respect.

In the last years of the Safavid rule, the events which led to the collapse of Isfahan (1722), caused many disorders in Iran. The main political problem of this period was the rise of the pretenders in:the provinceswho claimed the crown. In this regard, the situation in the eastern province of the Safavid realm, Khurasan, was serious. One of the most important events in this province, was the rise of MalikMahmud Sistani and his measures. The rise and fall of the Malik Mahmud Sistani has been studied with emphasize on the Afsharid historiography. The present articles aim is to introduce a new discoveredsource about the rise and fall of Malik Mahmud Sistani in Khurasan with comparison to the Afsharid sources.