ECONOMIC RESEARCH REVIEW
Year:2004 | Volume:4 | Issue:2|Papers Count:8

The Central Asian-Caspian region is one of the richest in the world in its energy resources. Many countries compete for the right to develop its oil and gas reserves, jockeying for a share of a potentially very lucrative market. There is a clear need to establish a regime of international cooperation in development of the regions energy sector. At the moment, such a regime, although sorely needed, is missing. Not only individual countries, such as Azerbaijan, Russia, USA, Britain, Turkey, and Iran, compete with each other, but some international institutions have also joined the fray over the objections of transnational civil society. The aim of. this paper is to sorvey several hypothesis with a focus on establishing a I comprehenive Political and Economical regime for the. region.

During the Industrial Revolution in England, the capitalist system was faced with a great deal of economic problems and social unrest. Unequal distribution of income and wealth, poverty and hunger, long hours of work and very low wage for the workers, child labor and hard working conditions, unemployment and split-up families, malnutrition and disease - were a few of several problems that the capitalist system was struggling with in that period. Undoubtedly the capitalist system was passing a critical time during the Industrial Revolution and from the aftermath of 1700s was suffering from a chronic economic crisis. However, in this period new economic ideas, schools of thought and theories came forth in parallel with the fundamental changes which occurred in human life. Although each of these changes,in turn, contributed in solving the community problems, but very shortly lost its credibility along with the changes which took place in the economic and social sphere of the community. However, it should be noted that in this period, like every other period in history of economic thought, the economists" ideas and thoug, hts, whether correct or incorrect, have had a great impact on shaping the world economic and social affairs. the main objective of this article is to analytically and criticallly survey the new economic ideas, schools of thought and theories which emerged during the Industial Revolution and tried to solve the prevailing economic and social problems.

There are two schools related to financial and economical cause of development. Some economists emphasis on rate of physical investment and other stress on finanical situation. In this research we determined financial indices and the rule of these indexes and the significant relation of these indices and other economic variables. Generally speaking, one can say that different factors such as technological development of financial tools and amendment of the rules related to them, which in turn are being affected by financial institution liberalization, compensation of desired investment deposits, reduction of banking claims of the public sector and, on the contrary, optimized claims development from private sectors and protection of money value as well. have meaningful role on the financial & economic development of the country.

Nowadays the role of foreign capital as an effectivefactor in making the development trend of societies, is an accepted matter. A Society is said to be successful in absorption of foreign capital if a suitable processing conditions are prepared, In this regard various societies through different approaches decide to attract the capital of multinational companies and other capital resources of the world and there is a vast competition among them in chosing the effective approaches for foreign capital attraction. The first section of this article tries to recognize some of the political and economical parameters governing the development trend of societies through propounding the theoritical development views. Then accepts the assumption of interaction between foreign investment flow and development, and also the above mentioned parameter in the form of internal and external factors affecting the absorption trend of foreign capital to the societies have been discussed. And at the end of this section the performance of these factors in Iranian economy is considered. In the second section, having noticed the performance of the above mentioned factors, we will have a brief look at the foreign investment flow to Iran, and then effective political and economical solutions on the increment of this variable are provided.

In this paper, we study the effects of tax on securities transactions in financial market. by using the experiences of some countries and possible impacts of such taxes in Iran. Obviously, given the characteristics of financial markets and implementing different policies the effects of tax on securities transactions may vary in such circumstances. Therefore, noticing factors such as lack of appropriate statistics and also the contradictory impacts of takes on securities transactions, obtaining a final conclusion will be difficult. In sum, however the results point that in many cases. taxation on securities transactions, similar to adequate capital requirements, can have negative effects on price disclosure, volatility and leading to reduction in liquidity and market efficiency. In fact, There are strong evidences to prove that transactions tax have negative impacts on equilibrium price discovery, volatility and market liquidating that ultimately result in decreasing market efficiency and increasing volatility, therefore, in most of the developed markets it has been tried to eliminate or mitigate the taxes, in order to increase potential of competition and reduce risk and transaction Costs. Thus, adopting policies that increase tax rate in emerging markets (e.g. financial market in Iran) will not produce desirable consequences expected from a rational policymaking. As mentioned above, however, existing structure of Tansaction costs and taxes on sales of securities must be seriously and substantially revised.

The present article primarily considers the concept of globalization and studies the trend of economy from past to the globalized era. Also by studying the ascending trend of direct foreign investment and the third world, this article concludes that only 30% of direct foreign investment goes to the economy of the developing countries. With this, the article continues with the survey of the status of the third world in the global system. Furthermore, in view of the existing gap between the developed and un-developed economy the article examins a solution based on exportation and considering the lower level of exportation in the developing countries compared with that of developed countries, it recommends regional trade laiseez fairism. In order to enter the global system, particularly taking into consideration the increasing competitions going on, we should create relative advantage which itself requires; capital, specialized work force and training of human resource and appropriate political relations and also removing of all non-petrolium exportation obstacles. In globalized era, theoritical knowledge predominates over practical knolwledge and becomes the main source of innovation and policy formulation, for which we present an analytical model.