MODARRES HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2008 | Volume:12 | Issue:2 (TOME 57) (GEOGRAOHY)|Papers Count:12

Regional development occurs by functional variety growth of settlements and making strongest relationship between them. Therefore, examination of functional-service relationships between settlements in order to achieve an appropriate pattern is necessary for hierarchy of the settlements. Thus in this research, we used social network analysis method to examinant functional service relationships among Roniz’s settlements. Therefore, twenty service relations in four functions and relations (educational-cultural, infrastructural-commercial, remedial- health and official) were determined. Then a questionnaire was prepared and filled by the settlers. In order to analyze each relationship, we used network analysis method. The results showed that utilizing of network helped to easily and quickly recognize the spatial relation between human settlements. Further, Roniz's settlements have a strong functional-service relationship mainly with Roniz city (district center) and Mahfrkhan and Ynvan villages. In addition, because of distance dimention, other habitants (with the exception of Rorniz city) have just relation with the settlements of the district.

In this research, the data relating to global land/oceans temperature anomalies and annual mean precipitation of Tabriz station were used for the period of 1951-2005. The main methodologies used in this research include the Pearson correlation coefficient method, analysis of trend component of time series, simple linear and polynomial regression (as a semi-linear model) and Artificial Neural Networks methods. The results of applying Pearson analysis indicated a significant negative and an inverse correlation between global land/oceans temperature anomalits and annual precipitation in Tabriz station. This is an indicative of increase in precipitation and occurrence of wet years during the negative global temperature anomalies and, on contrary, precipitation reduction and occurrence of droughts during the positive global temperature anomalies. The analysis of long term trend components of time series showed that the annual mean precipitation of Tabriz has a decreasing trend towards the length of the period, but annual global land/oceans temperature anomalies has an increasing trend towards the length of the period. Also we simulated the relationships between annual precipitation in Tabriz station and global warming using Artificial Neural Networks.Applying of different methods recognized artificial neural network as a better and more accurate simulation model compared to the other models applied in this research, i.e. simple regression model, and semi- linear polynomial regression with the power of 6 models. Different artificial neural network methods were used to demonstrate this relation, among which the Multi Layer Perception (MLP) with three hidden layers analysis with back propagation learning algorithm showed excellent capability in predicting the correlation between the series.

Urmia lake is located in the north-west of Iran and is recognized in the world as a largest habitat for Artemia. The last decade drought episodes and recent dam construction programs have simultaneously caused more evaporation of the lake water and thus considerable variations of water surface levels. The main aim of the present study was to map of Urmia lake water surface changes on a seasonal, periodical and over long-term scales.For this purpose, some different types of multi-scanner, spectral and temporal images (MSS, TM, ETM+, IRS-IC, MODIS and TOPEX/Jason data observing from 1976 to 2005) were processed to generate most of the thematic models in spatial and temporal contexts. First, to choose a number of referred images captured, some ground-based observation data and the obtained information from TOPEX/Jason satellites were analyzed. Then based on the available archived imageries, all the multi-date satellite data were chosen and progressively geo-referenced and then geo-rectified by ERDAS Imagine software package based on the reference ground control points. Subsequently, all the time series images were analyzed to derive some pre-defined segmented Classes such as water surface categories and shorelines changes.The revealed models demonstrated several seasonal persuaded fluctuations and considerable periodical change on the Urmia Lake coastlines particularly during the last decade. These great variations have occurred as the result of 3.5 meters decrease in the height of water in the lake and about 23 percent decreasing of water surface during the past 30 years. This has successively caused a diminishing of shorelines particularly on the southeast and east coasts of the Urmia Lake, changing landcover and landuse types by depletion of significant wetlands. Implementation of such significant changes illustrated that the majority of local biotic and biotic components all over the surrounding areas and inner islands, would be in crucial threat in the near future.

Accessibility planning, because of integrating both land use and transportation system, has a significant role in the process of urban planning and design. Significance was proposed since 1950S especially after the war between Israel and Arab nations in 1970S that caused increasing in oil price and criticizing of auto city urban design pattern. This pattern led to separation of living and working locations, urban sprawl, increasing use of car for work trips, more use of fuel and finally air, noise and environment pollutions.One of the important methods for overcoming this problem is accessibility planning. Accessibility means "reducing distance between the locations of home and work" or "easy reach to destination". The purpose of the research was to investigate inequitable distribution of bus accessibility index. Thus, Hanson's reformed model was implemented based on population, employment and distance variables between the local boundaries (12 zones) of Mashhad city using geographical information system (GIS). The results of this research showed' that dominant transportation system is car usage (27.8% of total trips). Public transportation (bus usage) by 24% of the total of trips stands in the second stage. Mashhad has not any rail routes (monorail or metro). Also the results showed that accessibility value is oriented from northeast to southeast, i.e. toward the new zones of the city's development plan. Finally, calculations showed that direct accessibility to bus is 88% of area and 86% of population (equivalent to 25.49 Sq km and 342987 people). Therefore, applying of accessibility planning method is necessary for construction of new bus routes or changing of the present bus routes for full coverage of the city especially the deprived areas of Mashhad.

Agricultural and industrial activities cause emission of greenhouse gas to atmosphere, leading to increase of temperature of the atmosphere. Global warming changes temporal and spatial pattern of precipitation and temperature followed by change in bioclimatic areas. Ecosystems and biomes are affected by climate change as well. One of the most challenging questions regarding the global change concerns the impact that changing climate, loss of species and modification of landscapes will have on ecosystem function. Ecosystems contain the earth's reservoir of genetic and species diversity and provide services to individuals and societies through providing food, fiber; medicines and energy; processing and storing of carbon and nutrients; control ling of hydrological cycle, regulating water runoff; soil degradatiqn; and services related to tourism.These systems and functions are sensitive to the rate and extent of changes in climate. Rate of sensitivity and instability of ecosystems depend on composition and geographical characteristics.In this research, we assessed the rate of sensitivity of Iran bioclimatic regions by using holdridge life zone model and hypothetical scenario. Thus, climatic data were used in 142 stations of Iran. Holdridge model was used to predict the changes in biomes distribution that likely occur under global warming. Classified bioclimatic according to the average of total annual precipitation and biotemperature that is defined as the average over the year of daily, weekly or monthly temperature, and is given the value 0 if the Temperature is less than or equal to 0 or much than 30oC.Based on the results of this research and under the present climatic condition, all the stations are divided into 13bioclimatic classes. Cold temperate region has the highest change in global warning condition. Steppe and forest ecosystems have much sensivities in new condition (drier and warmer conditions).Desert types have little change in warmer and drier conditions.

Difference in pixel size between multi-spectral and pan images, is one of the main effective factors on the spectral and spatial performance of image fusion methods. In this research, after producing simulated images with different pixel sizes of 8, 12, 16, 44 meters from IKONOS multi-spectral images and 4 meters from IKONOS pan mage, by using four different fusion algorithms (i.e. Brovey, PCA, wavelet and combination of PCA and wavelet algorithms), all the simulated multi-spectral and pan derived images were fused. Correlation coefficient index and entropy were used to assess the spatial and spectral quality-of the fused images, respectively. The results showed that the effect of increasing of multi-spectral images resolution Difference compared with pan image on spectral and spatial quality of the fused images is related to the methods used for image fusion. Among the methods used for image fusion, Brovey transform and PCA-wavelet transform methods have the lowest and highest sensivity respectively, in respect to the variations of resolution difference. Also the relationship between spectral and spatial quality changes of the fused images with respect to the increasing of difference in pixel sizes of multi-spectraland pan images is non-linear.

The aim of this study is to identify the tracking and origin of the arriving precipitation systems to the region under study and to count the frequencies of these systems. For this purpose, the rainfall data of seven stations of two provinces (Kermanshah and Ilam) were investigated during a 10 years period (1990-99). Therefore, 80 systems were selected. Then, surface level maps and 500Hp of 68 available systems were studied. The analysis was carried out over the central cyclonic of the surface level maps in the 6 hour cycles and upper-level low trough axis level of 500Hp in the 12 hour cycles. The results of indicated that majority -of the systems with precipitation for the region were Sudanese systems.Moreover, only the Sudanese systems had more than 300mm precipitation. On the second level of significance were the compo (Mediterranean- Sudanese) systems. The most-important compound area of compo systems is the east Mediterranean at the longitude of 33o-36o Eastern and the latitude of 30o-35o Northern. The Mediterranean systems mostly originate from the Adriatic Sea and the central Mediterranean and normally move towards east along the latitude of35°. So, Monsoon systems bring about precipitation for the target areas at the end of spring and summer during their intensification. Normally, in most of the rainy days, positions of the Mediterranean long wave axis locate at the east of the Mediterranean to the north of the Red Sea (longitude 30oE-40oE).Moreover, there is no direct relation between the deepening, of the end of the trough axis and the rate of precipitation.

In this research, regarding the young structure of people in Sanandaj, high rate of immigration of villagers, the need to urban buildings and ,optimal use of the sources especially saving in buildings, in accordance with the existing climate parameters and position of the studied area, a monthly :Standard was used to study the situation of climate-environment and climate harmony of the old and new contexts of Sanandaj and to offer architectural proposals to utilize more natural energy (sun, wind) and saving in fossil fuels. After calculating the situation of the climate environment of Sanandaj, the present buildings, were divided into three groups of new context old context and eroded context according to age and architectural properties and, 142 samples of architectural contexts from different parts of Sanandaj w.ere selected. Then, using the monthly standards, a question was set and completed according to the architectural properties of the samples.The results of the questioners for every context were extracted separately and analyzed by SPSS software to compare with the monthly standards and to estimate the amount of climate harmony of the buildings.According to the monthly standards, the old context had the highest harmony with the local climate and the new context had the least. Totally, 50% of the buildings in Sanandaj are in harmony with the local climate.

For studying the heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea, the Meteorology Organization's daily synoptic maps on four surfaces (the earth, 850, 700 and 500 HPA) from 1992 to 2002 were used. The results showed that five kinds of air mass and pressure systems influence heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea; European migrant high-pressure, Siberian high-pressure, Subtropical high-pressure, Moonson low-pressure and Sudan low-pressure.Therefore, necessary synoptic conditions for heavy rain fall in warm season in Golestan province consisted of cold air advection on the surface of the Caspian Sea by European migrant high pressure and warm and wet convection from the east and southeast by Moonson low-pressure on the earth level Descending cold air in divergence zones of north Russian trough in upper layers of atmosphere on the surface of the Caspian Sea. Penetration of European migrant high-pressure from northwest and descending of subpolar cold air and penetration of Sudan low-pressure tongues from south and southwest of the earth and penetration of subtropical high-pressure to central part of the Caspian Sea in middle atmosphere layers and to settle the Caspian sea in divergence zones of north Russian trough.

The present Research has surveyed the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran vis-à-vis the Republic of Azerbaijan. Based on some of the most important geographical and geopolitical realities that exist between the two states, by presenting one main question and two hypotheses, used as guide into a thorough geopolitical assessment of the issue; Based on the findings, we come to this conclusion that the none-cordial disposition of the Republic of Azerbaijan towards Iran, and some of the uncharted pasturing and unspecified strategies by the Islamic Republic of Iran render ineffective so many positively positioned areas of common geographical and/or geopolitical interests such as territorial contiguity, common religious tendency (both Shiite), common ethnicity, common economic interests (agricultural and irrigation possibilities), common cultural and historical backgrounds. Unfortunately, the continued policies between the two states have further made all these possibilities to render ineffective. The main outcome of the research shows that some of the issue is resultant from a suspected nationalistic disposition on the part of the Iranians and similarly, a persistent attitude of none cordiality from the Azeris. Moreover, the Republic of Azerbaijan has yet to present a logical and pragmatic reason to explain its negative diplomatic strategy against the Islamic Republic of Iran That could justify its distrustful policy towards Iran.The research consequently has proposed the following general aims and strategies to be implemented in Iran's faring policy towards the Republic of Azerbaijan:General aim: the faring policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to the Republic of Azerbaijan is determined by geographical and geopolitical realities that exist between the two states.Strategy: to develop mutual relations based on the need for neighborly dispositions, to understand the geopolitical dictates of time and space, common national interests and aims, economic cooperation, and to explore other avenues that would develop mutual trust in order to broaden cooperation between the two states.