MODARRES HUMAN SCIENCES
Year:2006 | Volume:10 | Issue:(TOM 48) GEOGRAPHY|Papers Count:12

Generally, planning theories are divided in two sections: first, they study process of planning (procedural planning), second, they study product of planning (substantive planning). This article attempted to study the procedural planning in the metro project of Tehran metropolis. Namely, steps of decision- making and planning, and their effects on the project implementation were studied in this project. In this regard, the role of good governance including participation, responsibility, citizenship, transparency, efficiency, rule of law and etc. was studied along with the role of people and interaction of government, people and public sector in planning process. The manner of good governance that has been brought up in 1980s is a process that the government, people and public sectors interact with each other. Nowadays, this manner is the only way in deliverance of poverty and undeveloped conditions in the international associations and local management assemblies are obliged to implement it, because it is the most effective, economic and the most sustainable management way that may lead to regional and then national development.Thus, first generalities were presented about the history of metro (time and cause of metro bring up, designers and partners in planning and execution of this project), then an interview was carried out with the Tehran metro authorities and residents of one of the metro stations (Imam- Khomeini station), regarding the people’s participation and contribution to the project and following the good governance principles by the metro authorities. Then, the collected information was analyzed using descriptive- analytical approach and SPSS software. The results showed that planning in this project was based on top - down planning and not bottom – up planning, because people didn’t have any specific role in the planning and execution of this project due to the (bureaucratic system and top - down planning), and that principles of good governance have not been considered.Undoable, this condition will cause undesirable effects. If metro authorities do not pay enough attention for citizenship rights, people will no more contribute to the project, and this condition will finally create obstacles on the regional and national development projects.

The variety of environmental and more particularly, climatic conditions in Iran have produced many runoff regimes in its watersheds. This has made the experimental models as such not applicable equally to all regions of Iran. Even the frequently-used SCS-CN model cannot be used with certainty for some regions due to monsoon rains as snow. Thus, in the present study, using the limited facilities within a short period of time, we attempted to find a procedure for the estimation of runoff in ungaged watersheds. Measuring the runoff in a 69 mm rain in Kaboutar Laneh, and the vegetation and slope in the region allowed us to obtain a model which, considering the effective rainfall and the kind of precipitation, could be developed into another model for the estimation of runoff in storm. Taking into account the monthly and annual precipitation in the all recorded time, the final model for the annual and monthly runoff depth calculation was made.Flexibility of the model to estimate the daily, monthly and annual runoffs even in the case of land use change, the simplicity of making the model, and use of the extracted data from the catchment itself are advantages of this procedure. The results achieved in this way indicate, in a more certain way, the volume of the runoff at Kaboutar Laneh which is on ungaged watershed.

The Zab river basin is located in the south of west Azerbaijan province (Iran) and north of Kurdistan province (Iran) with the total area of 3527 km 2. This river is flowing in the tectonic valley and slope instabilities occur frequently in the center of this basin. Annually, the occurring landslides and other types of mass movements cause lots of damages for the roads, habitats and agriculture lands. The present paper attempted to evaluate and recognize the mentioned natural hazards and finally prepare hazard maps by applying Anbalagan method. Through recognition and verification of landslides in the field and determination of the cause (s) of their occurrence. Finally factor maps and slope instability zonation map will be prepared and drawn.

Fundamental changes have been taken place in production systems such as agriculture production systems, by the emergence of industrial revolution and technological improvements. Instead of traditional methods based on subsistence economy or limited production for living or area, production systems based on products have been developed for competition and profit in the national and world markets. However, farmers use diversity cultivation as a balancing factor, in order to prevent unsustainable costs and product markets. The diversity cultivation method results in product dispersion, reduced income and unsustainable exploitation of land and water. Instead of diversity cultivation method, one of the best methods for rural regions development is specialization of cultivation pattern through paying attention to every region's characteristics and relative advantages. In this research, we studied and assessed specialization of strawberry cultivation pattern and its role in the rural region development especially in Javarud region of Kurdistan province. Eighty one (81) percent of the whole production of strawberry in Iran belongs to Kurdistan province. There fore, we selected 178 samples from the population by Cochran formula after a survey of the production methods, cultivation patterns and effective processes in improvement of strawberry cultivation pattern the outcome data resulting from the questionnaire were coded and analyzed. Using SPSS software by rank-order Wilcox on test in two intervals, before and after specialization cultivation. We estimated favorable indexes of the hypothesizes using these results and the research field findings. Research findings showed that the indexes of rural regions development significantly improved after the introduction and implementation of strawberry cultivation project.

In this research we used the monthly data resulted from the calculation of temperature and precipitation for a 52 year period (1951-2003). The doubling effect of CO2 on temperature and precipitation, as the most important climatic parameters, was modeled. The resulting Hythergraph and Ambrothermic models of Max-Planck Institute (MPI) ECHAM4 and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GDFL) for Tabriz indicated monthly increased of temperature and precipitation during the CO2 doubling periods. A comparison of the present and simulated Ambrothermic models applying GIS confirmed precipitation and temperature changes in Tabriz. A decrease in the duration and intensity of cold period and freezing days, a reduction in spring and winter precipitation, a change in precipitation from snow to rain, the extension of growth season, the increase in temperature and the resulting dryness are the signs of such changes. Accordingly and based on the current climatic conditions of Tabriz particularly within the 1990-2003 recording period, it appears that climatic changes of Tabriz are more accordant with the ECHAM4 model than the GFDL.

The Ligvan-chai basin is located on the north slope of Sahand mountain. The evolution of this basin is inseparable from the Sahand mountain transformation. Due to dominance of the perglacier and fluvial erosion systems on the north slope of Sahand mountain, mass movements, fluvial flows and floods are the morphogenic phenomena and the geomorphological hazards in the Ligvan-chai basin. These events not only threaten the cities and rural settlements, but also they prevent the progress of the development programs. This study, investigating the zoning of the mass movements hazard on the Ligvan-chai, tries to map the mass movements hazards and recognize the high hazard – low hazard regions, with the aim of leading the planners and managers the to accurate planning and management of land use and paving the way to the development of agricultural settlements and industrial sections. The zoning of mass movements hazard’s map was drawn by the digital topography maps (1: 250000 and 1:50000), geology and geomorphology maps, remote sensing data, GIS (Arc/Info and Arc/View). The variables are slope, distance from the fault, distance from the stream, distance from the rural or urban areas, and distance from the route, precipitation, litho logy and land use. The results indicated that 36.11% of the study region is located on the medium zone–very high hazard, in terms of the mass movement's hazards.

Collapse of former Soviet Union and fall down of eastern block wall are among the major events in the past decade. After this collapse, opening of Iran and Turkmenistan borders in Khorasan and Golestan provinces resulted in great changes within these two provinces as well as the region including the border areas.This paper is a part of a field survey which includes literature review, interviewing with local authorities and people, distributing questionnaires among the residents in the villages of the study area (using panel study method) and finally local observations. It aimed at investigating the spatial changes happened in the border area of Bajgiran after the opening of the border as compared with before the opening of the border. Further, it tries to study the role of border Function changes accordingly.The main assumption of the research is that; "opening of the border of Iran and Turkmenistan in the Bajgiran region has made some changes in the border function and these functional transition has created a new geographical space in different fields". There have been spatial and geographical changes in the field of transportation, rural – urban residential areas, public communications and facilities, establishment of great number of branch offices and governmental and non – governmental organizations as well as change in the population movement process especially in the Bajgiran city, so that there is basic change in the view of this city as compared with before the border opening.

Drought is a natural disaster which can lead to human and economic losses. This phenomenon takes place under different climatically systems. There is not a general agreement about the definition of drought but generally referred to as meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts in different scientific references. Meteorological drought is experienced only when rainfall deviates appreciably below normal. Hydrological drought is referred to a periodical shortage of water resources for different activities in a given time. Agricultural drought is caused by an inadequate availability of soil-water over a critical period. It also depends on plant species and soil types.This paper attempts to compare meteorological and hydrological droughts in the neighboring the basins placed on the north slope of Shirkoh mountain of Yazd Province.To get a precise result, Gibbse-Maher method and Z score were used, respectively to determine meteorological, hydrological droughts. For this Purpose, the rain data at two rain gauge stations is collected for a period of 30 years Yeasrs (Eslamiea) and 28 year (Fakhrabad) and analyzed.Research findings showed a major difference between the two basins. The trend in hydrological drought at Fakhrabad was not confirmed. Also, there was a difference between the hydrological drought in the two basins, it means that they are topsy-turvy. There was no, significant relationship between the debi and rain amounts in Eslamiea basin but it was confirmed in Fakhrabad basin.

Public libraries play an important role in people's opportunity to receive information and cultural products. This paper studied the spatial distribution, availabilities and facilities of public libraries of No. 12 district in Tehran. First, the basic maps and required information such as population rate, education and infrastructures and facilities were gathered and other information related to the users of the libraries was collected using an appropriate questionnaire. Results of this study indicated that although the population rate in the study area is less than in the other districts of in Tehran, but the frequency of libraries is more. Use of geographic information systems functions determined a 1000 m radius around the libraries and extracted the attributed data for each of the studied cells. The study of the determined cells around each library indicated that the exciting libraries have no optimum distribution. Also it showed that the existing facilities and possibilities are not according to the population rate that lived in the 1000 m applied radius of each library. To solve the present problems, maximum use of the other cultural spaces and establishment of new libraries in the studied area are suggested.

Volume of the annual renewable waters in Khorasan province is about 11.9 billion cubic meters. Out of which 3.9 Bm3 belongs mainly to surface waters and 8 Bm3 to ground waters. These ground waters are found in aquifers of the province basins, and qualitatively are better than surface resources. About 9.7 Bm3 of the ground waters are extracted annually from the aquifers of the basins and consumed in different ways mainly in agriculture. Development in the from of ground water over draft by water wells (more than annual recharge) caused 58 out of 76 basins to face reservoirs deficits, creating severe water crisis in the province. The ground water reservoir deficit is 1.7 Bm3 per year. The reports prepared concerning the water crisis in Khorasan province till now attributed the main reason for the crisis to the droughts, while in this research, the main reason was proved to be the continuous over draft by the water wells, though the draughts also had an effective role in the water crisis. In proving the case, mean annual precipitation (5 years moving average) of each basin was compared and analyzed with its aquifer’s hydrograph, The obtained results showed that, though the ground water level should be high during the wet years, but they continued drop-off. Research method was scientific and comparative using software, statistical methods and field observations. Irrecoverable consequences of water crisis are: Increasing pumping charges, ground water saltiness, ground subsidence producing fractures on the surface and environmental impacts.