JOURNAL OF BABOL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (JBUMS)
Year:2010 | Volume:11 | Issue:6 (53)|Papers Count:13

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are some reports indicating the effects of Tilia plathyphyllos Scop. In nervous disorders including seizure in traditional literatures. Since classical study is not available, in the present investigation, the effects of methanolic extract of Tilia plathyphyllos Scop on seizure induced by picrotoxin and pentylentetrazole were studied in mice.METHODS: In this experimental study, groups of 5 animals pretreated with doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of methanolic extract of flowered branches of Tilia plathyphyllos, via intraperitoneal injection. After 20 minutes each animal received picrotoxin 10 mg/kg or pentylentetrazole 80 mg/kg intraperitoneally, for induction of seizure.Latency of seizure, death time and percent of death were determined in treated and control groups.FINDINGS: The latency of seizure induce by picrotoxin were increased in groups that pretreated with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of Tilia plathyphyllos extract, from 208 Sec to 298 (p<0.05) and 570 Sec (p<0.01) respectively. The latency of seizure induced by pentylentetrazole were increased with dose of 200 mg/kg, from 233 Sec to 351 Sec (p<0.01). In addition the dose of 200 mg/kg of extract delayed the death time induced by picrotoxin from 1237 to 1498 Sec (p<0.05) and pentylentetrazole from 1973 to 2508 Sec (p<0.01). The percentage of mortality from seizure induced by picrotoxin and pentylentetrazole from 100% were decreased to 80% (p<0.05) and 40% (p<0.01) respectively.CONCLUSION: Methanolic extract of flowered branches of Tilia plathyphyllos delayed the onset of seizure, death time and decreased the percentage of mortality from picrotoxin and pentylentetrazole. Further studies are needed for use of this, as antiseizure.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Raloxifen is used widely to prevent menopause complications.Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in menopausal women. There are controversies about raloxifen effects on serum lipids, so this study was done to determine the effects of raloxifen (ralofen) on serum lipids of the menopausal women.METHODS: This before - after interventional study was done on 50 menopausal women that returned to menopausal clinic of Yahyanejad hospital in Babol in 2008. Inclusion criteria were 45-60 years old and past of one year of last menstural period. Exclusion criteria were history of cancer, abnormal uterus bleeding, clotting dysfunction, use of androgen, corticosteroid and estrogen, renal failure, chronic and acute disease of liver, history of deep vein thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. Patient received ralofen (product by Aboryhan company) 60 mg/day for three months. Serum lipid level measured in three times include: before treatment, one month and three month later.FINDINGS: The mean age (±SD) of the patients was 53.2±3.7 and the median time of last menstural period was 6 years. The mean level of serum triglyceride (mg/dl) of menopausal women was significant (p=0.012) before treatment (159.6±36.1 mg/dl), one month after treatment (162.9±34.8 mg/dl) and three month after treatment (170.8±41.7 mg/dl). So the mean level of serum cholesterol (mg/dl) of menopausal women was significant (p=0.000) before treatment (193.6±22.2 mg/dl), one month after treatment (198.6±24.9 mg/dl) and three month after treatment (202.1±26.7 mg/dl).The mean level of serum LDL (mg/dl) of menopausal women was not significant (p=0.152) before treatment (114.6±28.3 mg/dl), one month after treatment (118.8±29.6 mg/dl) and three month after treatment (113.9±26.7 mg/dl). So the mean level of serum HDL (mg/dl) of menopausal women was not significant before treatment (47.8±9.3 mg/dl), one month after treatment (46.7±8.5 mg/dl) and three months after treatment (48.2±5.8 mg/dl).CONCLUSION: This study showed that ralofen had no significant effects on serum lipids levels and triglyceride and cholesterol increased were in normal and borderline limits that don't have clinical importance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The second stage of labor is painful and stressful stage for mother and fetus. For this reason various methods have been used for painless labor. Prolonged labor is one of the complications of some painless labor methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous entonox inhalation on duration of active phase and 2nd stage of labor.METHODS: This is a clinical trial study was performed on 200 women in active phase of labor. The women were randomly divided into case or control groups (100 patients in each group). The case group inhaled Entonox continuously for labor analgesia, and the control group with the same condition inhaled air continuously with mask. Duration of active phase and second stage of labor was compared.FINDINGS: Two groups were similar with regard to maternal age, gestational age, parity, mode of delivery and neonatal weight. The duration of active phase of labor in case group was shorter than control group (4.17hr vs 5.07hr, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in duration of second stage of labor between case group and control group (33.19 min vs 26.70 min.CONCLUSION: Inhalation of entonox for labor analgesia shortens the duration of active phase of labor but has no effect on second stage of labor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sweating greater than the physiological needs of the body is hyperhidrosis. The patient who suffers from palmar hyperhidrosis faces social, occupational and psychological problems. Topical application of aluminium chloride hexahydrate on affected area was considered as effective treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. But no study has been published yet about the iontophoresis of this solution for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and persistency of aluminum chloride hexahydrate iontophoresis with topical application of it on the patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis.METHODS: This clinical trial study was performed on 12 patients aged 20-32 years. Iontophoresis of aluminium chloride hexahydrate was applied on experimental hand for 30 minutes in 4 sessions and topical aluminium chloride hexahydrate was applied on control hand with the same dose and duration. Before treatment Gravimetry and iodine starch test were performed to evaluate the rate of sweating production. All patients filled out Dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaire to determine amount of impairment in quality of life. All patients underwent a pretreatment and post treatment evaluation at 3 days, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after the treatment.FINDINGS: Sweating rate significantly decreased in experiment group 3 days later from 0.46±0.02gr to 0.10±0.01 gr, 1 week later to 0.19±0.03 gr, 2 weeks Later to 0.21±0.05 gr, 3 weeks later to 0.26±0.10 gr and 4 weeks later to 0.27±0.15 gr (p<0.05) and in control group decreased 3 days later from 0.54±0.18 gr to 0.10±0.08 gr, 1 week later to0.22±0.15 gr, 2 weeks later to 0.28±0.12 gr, 3 weeks later to 0.35±0.20 gr (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: The results indicate that iontophoresis of Al cl3 induced reduction of sweating rate for at least 1 month without any side effects. The persistency of effects in this method is longer than topical application of Al cl3.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Communication and educational approaches in health promotion of adolescents has been challenging. Peer education is a well - known approach that not only provides youths with knowledge; they also learn the related skills in communication to convey health messages to target groups. This paper describes the impact of peer education method on KAP of the mothers concerning the middle school girls pubertal health.METHODS: This experimental study was carried out on 100 mothers who divided into two groups (n=50). The participants were allocated in each group randomly. Traditional education was conducted by lecturing for one group and peer education was used for the second group. Self made questionnaire was employed for data collection at base and 1.5 month follow up. Scoring was ordered as: knowledge and practice scale; <50 means low, medium with 50-75 score and >75 was described as high. Attitude scaled up with maximum and minimum divided on 3 concepts: negative, positive and buffer (no idea) and then compared in two groups.FINDINGS: Average attitude score after training in peer group was 86.25±0.49 and in lecture group was 48.25±0.78 (p=0.007). Average knowledge score in peer group was 89.33±2.15 and in lecture group was 43.73±5.67 (p<0.001). Also the average practice score was 80.8±21.36 in peer group and it was 56±38.86 in lecture group (p<0.001). Knowledge, attitude and practice in lecture group respectively in 16, 66 and 42 people and in peer group respectively in 78, 96 and 74 people were in good level (p<0.002).CONCLUSION: The results showed that the girl peer education approach will increase the average of knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers to pubertal health topic. Puberty health education using active learning methods and the groups involved with subject is recommended.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy caused by hypersensitivity to gluten. Most studies have shown more prevalence of CD in the patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1). The prevalence of CD among DM1 children is unknown. The aim of this study is to survey the prevalence of celiac disease in type 1 diabetic children in East Azarbaijan.METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 135 children with diabetes mellitus type 1 referring to Tabriz children hospital endocrine department and clinic from 2006 to 2008 were selected. The serumic level of A-tTG-A-IgA and AEA-IgA were measured by ELISA method and serum IgA level was measured by nephelometry for screening of celiac disease. In the case that A-tTG-A either AEA was high, distal duodenal biopsy was preformed.FINDINGS: Twenty eight of 135 patients with diabetes mellitus type 1, were serologically positive for celiac. Four of 28 (14.28%) seropositive paitients were A-tTG-A positive, ten (35.71%) of them were AEA positive and fourteen (50%) were A-tTG-A and AEA positive. Confirmed celiac prevalence based on biopsy was 6.8%.CONCLUSION: Celiac disease in diabetic patients (DM1) is common. Screening of celiac disease with serologic tests in diabetic patients is necessary for the purpose of early diagnosis and prevention from severe complications of celiac disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Health care system is organized at three levels in order to increase efficacy and effectiveness and create justice and also people availability. Considering three levels of primary health care, access of people to specialized services through referral system is possible. With regard to the importance of referral system in family physician program, this study was performed to evaluate the function of referral system and network system of medical universities in Northern provinces of Iran.METHODS: This analytic study was performed in Autumn of 2008. Twenty percent of health centers (108 centers from 521) which implement the family physician program and rural insurance coverage by medical Universities of Golestan, Mazandaran, Babol and Guilan were randomly selected. In each center 5-7 patients who were referred to level 2 by their family physician and received necessary services were evaluated. They were at their homes at inquiry time.FINDINGS: From 675 patients who received the level 2 services, 440 cases (65%) were female and 235 (35%) were male. Two hundred and seventy cases (40.5%) had referral form from health house. Only 311 (46%) persons referred because of diagnosis of family physician and in 212 (32.9%) of cases, the family physician had a role to choose a specialist of level 2. For 189 (28.1%) of cases, the specialists wrote the results of their evaluation in feedback form. Only 163 (24.5%) of patients returned to their family physicians. Three hundred ninety-four (79.6%) of patients didn't return to their family physician because of lack of knowledge.CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that many principles for referral system from level 1 to higher levels and vice versa are not considered that require education, reformation and intervention in this field.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low vision is defined as, distance visual acuity in the better eye is 20/200 or less or visual field in better eye is less than 20 degree. In this patient contrast sensitivity decreased. The use of colored filter for improve the visual function is challenge. The purpose of this study is the evaluation of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in the low vision with and without colored filters.METHODS: In this case- control study with random sampling method 40 patients of low vision that had visual acuity 20/200 or less referred to Al Zahra ophthalmology center of Zahedan, Iran and then was categorized to 4 groups of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, high myopia and albinismus. Forty normal people as control group were selected. After corrected refractive error, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was evaluated with snellen chart and Cambridge low contrast grating chart without and with red and yellow filters.FINDINGS: We found there was not significant difference between visual acuity in these 4 groups but contrast sensitivity was difference (p=0.017). Mean of contrast sensitivity in low vision patients without filter and with yellow and red filter was 19.28±20.3, 11.75±14.4 and 12.6±15.14, respectively. Paired test was shown contrast sensitivity decrease with red and yellow filter rather than without filter in 4 groups and control group (p<0.0001) while there was not significantly difference between visual acuity with and without colored filter.CONCLUSION: Contrast sensitivity evaluates the visual performance better than visual acuity in low vision. Contrast sensitivity showed that Colored filter overlays are unlikely to provide a clinically significant improvement in the visual function of low vision patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane (BM) play important roles in many developmental processes during development and after birth. Among the components of the BM, collagen fibers especially type IV is the most important part of BM. The aim of this study was to determine expression of collagen type IV in the BM of lens structure during embryonic mouse development.METHODS: In this experimental study, 22 female Balb/C mice were selected randomly and were kept under normal condition, finding vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. From embryonic day 10 to 20, all specimens were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and their head embryos were fixed, serially sectioned and it was also done after birth in 10-20 day neonates. Immunohistochemistry study for tracing of collagen type IV in eye capsule region was carried out. Grading served according to the firth method.FINDINGS: Primary lens was visible in anterior pole of optic cup as an undifferentiated cellular mass on day 11 of gestation. Collagen IV immunostaining appeared at the early stage of embryonic day 12 in BM of anterior epithelial and gradually increased until day 17 in ECM and posterior pole. After this period, severe reaction staining collagen IV was not changed in any part of the lens.CONCLUSION: Our results indicated high levels of collagen IV is present at the BM of anterior epithelial lens during early development (E-12) and increases in anterior and posterior epithelial capsule (E-15 to E-17) days. These findings establish the importance of collagen IV during critical period of developing lens.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive inherited disease that its frequency is reported as 1 in 5000 to 10000 males. Linkage analysis is widely used in related female of hemophilic family around the world. In this study, 3 intragenic polymorphism markers including G/A in intron 7, T/A polymorphism in intron 18 and C/T polymorphism in intron 19 were introduced as the most informative markers for the linkage analysis of factor eight gene. This research was designed to determine the carrier people and give knowledge to the families in risk for the birth of another affected child on those families.METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 20 hemophiliacs A families including 30 patients and 64 family members (father, mother, sisters, aunt, and their children and other relative, who had chance to be carrier) from 5 cities of Mazandaran province were investigated. At first, family history was collected and pedigree was drawn. Five to 10 milliliter peripheral bloods were collected from each person and then DNA was extracted. Molecular study was performed using ARMS-PCR method and using three mentioned markers. At last, carrier persons were identified regarding to the inheritance of the same affected chromosome in patients and other related females in the family and comparison of linkage phase in affected person and results achieved from related females.FINDINGS: From 95 individuals who were studied in 20 families, 28 related women to the hemophilia patients were diagnosed as obligate or possible carriers. Also the usefulness of each markers applied in this study were evaluated by calculation of the coefficient of heterozygocity for each polymorphic makers and following results were achieved: G/A in intron 7 (49.4%), T/A in intron 18 (41.17%) and C/T in intron 19 (42.35%).CONCLUSION: The results showed that polymorphic markers used in this study were highly informative and suitable for carrier detection of hemophilia A.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Inactivity is an important cause of chronic diseases. The level of one's physical activity depends on his or her age, sex, education, job, smoking and etc. This study was performed to assess the physical activity level and its relation to demographic characteristics in population of in Babol, Iran.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 2500 people in Babol, in 2007. In this multi stage sampling there were 20 clusters, each cluster contained 125 persons aged 20-65 years old. In each cluster data was gathered by convenience sampling by means of International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) contains information about level of physical activity in three levels (severe, moderate and light).FINDINGS: Mean hours of physical activity per week were 3.22±7.38 for severe, 5.7±8.5 for moderate, 1.7±2.47 for light physical activity and 36.1±17.45 for sedentary activities. Men had significantly more physical activities in every levels than women (p=0.000, p=0.000 and p=0.05). There were also significant differences between job and amounts of physical activities in every three levels (p=0.000). Illiterate persons and persons with elementary education had severe physical activity (p=0.000).CONCLUSION: This study showed that the level of sedentary activity was more than other activities that can result in many chronic diseases. So it is recommended to consider the public educational programs in order to encourage people to have regular physical activity and make it as a good habit during their life.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Self-inflicted injuries are created following involuntary hurt of patients to themselves. Patients often are not aware of these injurious habits. These injuries in oral region can result to gingival hyperkeratosis, swelling, ulceration and recession or gingivitis and periodontitis. This article is a case report of periodontal destruction in a child with a habit disorder.CASE: A 11-year-old boy with the chief complaint of severe gingival swelling and pain of lingual aspect of anterior lower teeth with mobility was referred. At first visit a large periodontal abscess (probing depth 11mm) was observed. In patient's history, it was detected that he had a habit of fingernail wedging between the teeth which had been following a severe stress from 4 years ago. After making aware of the injurious habit and recommendation of its evacuation and referral to the psychiatrist the patient received first phase of periodontal treatment along with odontoplasty and antibiotic therapy. After 3 months complete periodontal health had been provided.CONCLUSION: In this case, diagnosis and omitting of the destructive oral habit resulted in improvement of all periodontal signs of the teeth. One of the important points in diagnosis and treatment of these defects is attention to possible injurious oral habit due to emotional stress.