Journal of Mashhad Dental School
Year:2006 | Volume:29 | Issue:3-4|Papers Count:24

Introduction: Since the age-related skeletal osteopenia has attracted much attention in recent studies and also because osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and the panoramic radiography is widely used for routine examinations, the relationship between radiomorphometric indices of mandibular bone (Panoramic Mandibular Index, PMI; the height of mandibular Inferior Cortex, IC (mm) and Mandibular Cortical Index, MCI) in panoramic radiography and skeletal status in femoral neck and lumbar spine (L2-L4) was evaluated in women referring to radiology department of Mashhad dental school.Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional analytical study, radiomorphometric indices of mandibular bone of 67 women over 35 years old referring to radiology department of Mashhad dental school were recorded. Women with a history of bone metabolism affecting diseases or drugs were excluded from our study. All the cases had a panoramic radiography in their orders. All of the patients were then referred to Toos Bone Densitometry Center for bone densitometry in left femoral neck and lumbar spine (L2-L4), using DEXA1 technique with Osteocore apparatus. The patients were divided into three categories of normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic in each skeletal region according to their T-score. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Comparing average of bone mineral density between C1 and C3 subgroups of MCI, in postmenopausal females in femoral neck, a significant difference was detected (P-Value=0.04).The average of PMI in the three different skeletal categories, was not different according to skeletal region and menstruation status (P-Value>0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of radiomorphometric indices of mandible (especially MCI) can help to determine skeletal status of patients but is not enough for precise evaluation of patients' skeletal status.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the dentofacial characteristics of adolescents with Down syndrome and compare the results with the same characteristics in children with normal occlusion in Mashhad to be used in f diagnosis and treatment planning of the above-mentioned patients.Materials & Methods: This study was cross-sectional, descriptive and was done on 29 boys mean age 11.9 years with Down syndrome selected randomly from Mashhad special schools for disabled children under a research project. Close examination of mouth was done, anthropometric measurements carried out, required records including photographs, study casts, OPG and lateral cephalograms in NHP were taken and evaluated. Statistical analyses using SPSS software and student t-test were done and compared to the data extracted on a study on 30 boys mean age 13.4 years with normal occlusion.Results: It was found that in patients with Down syndrome palate was deeper, carries, missing teeth, spacing was more frequent, cephalic index and Bolton index was higher and frenum was longer and deeper than children with normal occlusion and the differences were statistically significant. Moreover it was found that in these patients, cross-bite, open-bite and class III malocclusion are more prevalent.Conclusion: With regarding to the findings of this investigation it can be concluded that there are significant differences between dentofacial characteristics of patients with Down syndrome comparing to the children with normal occlusion which need more attention when diagnosing and treatment planning of the above-mentioned patients.

Introduction: Thalassemia disease is characterized by anemia with splenomegaly and bone change in the early ages of life. It is a blood disease with two subtypes; Alpha & Beta. The Disorder is in synthesis of RBC Globulins. According to genetic defects and globulin structure defect, this disease is classified into major, minor and intermediate. The aim of this study was evaluating the periodontal status and measuring the index of GI (Loe & Sillness) and OHI (DI-S &CI-S) compared with the control group.Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, 100 patients suffering from major thalassemia referring to Dr.Sheikh Pediatric Hospital as the case group and 100 patients referring to Mashhad dental school as the control group, were studied. The two groups matched in age, sex and tooth brushing frequency in a day. GI and OHI-S (CI-S and DI-S) were compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis was carried out by chi-square test.Results: GI and DI were significantly different in the case group and GI and OHI-S were greater in 19-26 year old than other patients age groups.In patients undergone splenectomy, the periodontal diseases were more frequent than those without splenectomy. Discussion: These difference in GI and OHI between the case and control groups could be attributed to maxillo-facial disorders, mouth breathing, imperfect plaque control, as well as host immune factors due to splenectomy which predisposes these patients to periodontal diseases.Conclusion: Gingival diseases were more prevalent in patients with thalassemia due to more plaque formation.

Introduction: Several materials are recommended for retro filling. One of the best materials that have ever been suggested is MTA (Mineral Tioxide Aggregate). Many studies have confirmed the biocompatibility, proper marginal adaptation and salability of this agent. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of apical evaluation of apical microleakge in cavity preparation with different dimension for retrograde.Materials & Methods: In this study, we examined the influence of cavity dimension on salability of MTA. We selected sixty roots with a single canal. After cleaning and shaping, the canals were obturated with guta-percha and canal sealer by lateral condensation technique.Samples were divided into 5 groups: two positive and negative control groups and three experimental groups. Cavity preparation was performed for all experimental groups with the following methods:A: 1.5mmdepth and 0.6mm widthB: 3mm depth and 0.6mm widthC: 3mm depth and 1.5mmwidthAfter cavity preparation, MTA powder was placed in each cavity and wet cotton adjacent to them for 24 hours. Then the samples were placed in Incubator (37°C and 100% wet) for 72 hours.Subsequently dye penetration examination was performed; dye leakage was measured by stereomicroscope. We used T-test for statistical analysis.Results: After statistical analysis these results were achieved:1. Increase depth from 1.5mm to 3mm reduce the amount of leakage.2. No significant difference between leakage of cavities with different width was found (P-value>0.05).Conclusion: It's better to prepare cavities for retrograde filling with more depth and less width.

Introduction: In many cases of endodontic treatment like retrograde surgery and perforation correction, because the materials are placed adjacent to vital connective tissue, biocompatibility and non cytotoxicity are of great importance and improve healing process.Among so many introduced materials, amalgam has been used for many years as a low cytotoxic material. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) has been introduced as a new material with high biocompatibility and cement genesis stimulation.The purpose of this study was the comparison of the cytotoxicity of amalgam and MTA on L929 cell culture using light microscope.Materials & Methods: Different dilutions of fresh and set materials were placed adjacent to flasks of L929 in DMEM media for 24h, 48h, 72h and 4 and 6 days. Then qualitative evaluation of cell morphology by light microscope was done. Results: In qualitative evaluation on L929 cells with light microscope, fresh-neat amalgam had a moderate cytotoxic effect as proliferation inhibition, whereas fresh MTA had a low cytotoxic effect. Set materials had no cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: According to our findings, MTA revealed a lower degree of cytotoxicity than amalgam. Thus MTA could be used nearby the vital connective tissue.

Introduction: Enlargement of Adenoid is one of the most common disorders in childhood affecting different aspects of oral and dental health and quality of life. As a result of frequent respiratory infections, allergy, nasal septum deviation and choronic sinusitis due to adenoid enlargement, facial height, gonial angle, overjet and overbite undergo changes.The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of adenoid enlargement on oro-jaw-facial cephalometric Indices & occlusion.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 96 children (6-12 years old) with adenoid enlargement (case group) and 96 children with normal size adenoid (control group) were randomly selected among patients referring to Khorasgan dental school and ENT clinics and different hospitals in Isfahan. Variables of overjet, overbite, open bite, mouth breathing, lip incompetency, gingivitis, SNA, SNB, ANB, gonial angles and facial height in two groups were evaluated. The data were analysed by chi-square and t-tests using SPSS version 9 software.Results: The differences in anterior facial height, anterior/posterior facial height, gonial angle, SNB, overjet, snoring, mouth breathing, gingivitis and posterior crossbite between case and control groups were significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: Adenoid enlargement induces some oromaxillofacial changes which inturn affect the region functionally and esthetically. The severity of these changes depends on the level of adenoid enlargement, time length of changes and induced mouth breathing duration versus normal growth and development maintenance mechanisms as well as the practitioner's interventional strategies.

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (S.C.C) is the most frequent malignancy in the mouth corresponding to 95% of all oral malignant lesions. The ultimate aim of treatment of cancerous patients is defmitive cure and improvement of quality of life. The aim of this study was evaluating the effects of some risk factors in S.C.C patients.Materials & Methods: 54 patients suffering from oral S.C.C were studied in this descriptive study. 10 patients were selected from Mashhad dental school and 44 patients from Omid hospital in Mashhad (September 22, 2002 to September 22, 2003). A questionnaire including patient and treatment related risk factors were filled for each patient. Risk factors consisted of sex, age, occupation, addiction to smoking, either cigarette, snuff or alcohol. Other items such as kind of treatment, staging of tumor and involved site were also included in the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out by chi-square test.Results: 52% of the patients were female and 48% were male. Totally, 93% of the patients were over 40 years old. 72% of the patients were addicted to cigarette and other tobacco compounds. The most common sites involved were tongue, buccal mucosa and inferior Lip. The main treatment of cancerous patients was radiotherapy. 36 patients received radiotherapy, 12 patients received radiotherapy & surgery, 1 patient received chemotherapy and the other 5 received chemotherapy & radiotherapy.Conclusion: In this study, 93% of the involvement was observed above 40 years of age. Tongue was the most common site involved (27.7%). In our study, 67% of the women and 77% of the men had a history of smoking. The considerable point is high frequency of lower lip S.C.C. in male fanners who were under sun exposure. Sex did not affect SCC involvement in our study.

Introduction: Bacterial plaque is the most important factor in periodontal diseases and plaque control is effective in the prevention of periodontitis. Mechanical plaque control is the most reliable method in plaque reduction but because insufficient mechanical plaque control is usually performed by most patients, chemical plaque control beside mechanical plaque control is more desirable.Several chemical agents for chemical plaque control are used and chlorhexidine is the most effective agent in chemical plaque control and it causes plaque and gingival inflammation reduction. However, chlorhexidine side effects, the most common of which being tooth staining and dorsal tongue staining, are the main factors in inadequate compliance among patients. Scientists suggest the use of oxidating mouthrinses such as hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide for reduction of chlorhexidine staining. The purpose in this study was to compare the induced stain and plaque and gingivitis reduction between chlorhexidine alone and hydrogen peroxide as adjunct to chlorhexidine.Materials & Methods: In this interventional Study, 30 patients with mild to moderate gingivitis referred to periodontic clinic of mashhad dental school (26 males, 4 females), were randomly assigned in a double-blind, 2 group parallel design study. At the beginning of the study, all subjects received scaling and root planning and polishing. After two weeks, PI, GI, and GBI were examined. Gluconate chlorhexidine 0.2% mouhrinse was prescribed for control group to be used for 30 seconds twice a day for 14 days. Subjects in the test group rinsed their mouth with hydrogen peroxide 1.5% for 30 seconds prior to chlorhexidine use twice a day for 14 days.During the study, the patients retrained from brushing. After 14 days, PI, GI, GBI and stain index were recorded again for both groups. The data were statistically analysed by t-test using SPSS 10 software.Results: PI scores for both groups were approximately equal at the end of study. GI and GBI scores were also approximately equal at the end of the study however, reduction in these scores was slightly greater for the control group. The residual inflammation in the test group might be attributed to the used of hydrogen peroxide. The considerable reduction in both severity and extend of staining score in body region in test group was significantly lower than control group but there was no significant difference between two groups in stain severity scores in gingival region. Conclusion: We conclude that use of hydrogen peroxide prior to chlorhexidine may cause significant reduction in tooth staining.Moreover, hydrogen peroxide does not have negative effects on plaque and gingivitis reduction ability of chlorhexidine.

Introduction: With improvements in dentistry, esthetics in complete dentures has become more significant. Tooth selection has an important role in esthetics and success rate of complete denture, among which anterior teeth play a more important part. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between length and width of natural maxillary central and lateral incisors, and some measurable parameters of the face.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 100 men were selected and some parameters such as length and width of right central and lateral incisor of maxilla, arc distance between the distal surface of the canines (ARCD), interalar width (IAW), vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO), and vertical dimension of-rest position (VDR) were measured. For detection of the relationship between parameters of face and length and width of teeth, person correlation and linear regression were used.Results: The ratio of mean central and lateral incisor lengths to mean VDO were 0.16 and 0.14 respectively. The ratio of mean central and lateral widths to mean ARCD was 0.14 and 0.10 respectively. These ratios make up to 1Se0.28 for both side centrals and 0.48 for centrals and laterals.Conclusion: By use of measurements in this study and other methods, we can determine the length and width of anterior teeth in complete dentures.

Introduction: Casting posts are recommended for endodontically treated teeth, specially in cases with extensive damaged crowns. Because the length and diameter of the post are effective in generating stress on the roots, and can be influenced according to the casting conditions, the purpose of this research was to study the effect of using liners and the temperature of bum out on the dimensions of the casting posts in base metals.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 80 acrylic posts with the length of 12.095mm and the diameter of 2.096mm were made.On top of each post a reference point was contrived and the posts were grouped into 4 groups of 20. In the first group, humidified liner and casting temperature of 900°C were used, the second group was without liner and the temperature was 900°c, the third group was with humidified liner and temperature of 600°C and the fourth group was without liner and was casted in 600°C temperature. The lengths of the posts were measured from top to the bottom in the center (diameter in the upper most part in the reference point) with a metallurgy microscope and the results were statistically compared using student-t, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-wallis tests.Results: Mean and standard deviation of the acrylic post lengths were obtained. The difference (0. 127mm) was significant (P<0.001). Also, mean and standard deviation of the diameter of the acrylic posts (2.87mm±0.1.118) was significantly less than that of metal post (2.97mm±0.166), (P<0.001). Differences in length was significant among studied groups so that in the group with 600°c temperature and without liner, the least measures occurred compared to the other groups (P=0.001). Difference in the diameter of the acrylic and metal posts in the four groups showed that the use of 600°C temperature without humidified liner produced the least differences compared with the other groups (P=0.001).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the best condition for investing and casting the casting posts is 600°c temperature without using the liner.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diet and oral and gingival hygiene stata in preschool children.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 250 preschool children (105 boys and 145 girls) aged 4-6.5 years old, were randomly selected among private kindergartens in Mashhad. The data were collected through questionnaire and clinical examination, and diet, OHI-S and PMA indices were evaluated. The data were analyzed statistically by chi-square test and Kendell correlation coefficient using SPSS software.Results: -The data revealed that nearly all of the children (96.8%) consumed snacks between the main meals.-No relationship was found between type of diet and either oral hygiene or gingival status. -The amount of dairy products, fruits, vegetables and snacks taken didn't affect oral hygiene and gingival status.-There was no relationship between the time of snacks & sweets consumption and oral hygiene and gingival status.Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene can lead to periodontal diseases. The effect of diet on dental caries is obvious, however its effect on oral hygiene and gingival status is not completely understood. In this study no relationship was detected between diet and oral or gingival hygiene stata.

Introduction: Dental caries is a major problem in dentistry. Although we have observed a decline in caries prevalence for many years, it is clear that dental caries still remains the most prevalent disease afflicting humans. The objective of this study is evaluation of oral health status amongst 6 -7 - year - old children in Mashhad.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 1938, 6-7 - year - old preschool children in Mashhad to determine dmft index. T student and Chi-square tests were used for analytical analyze.Results: The mean of dmft in all children was 4.72±4.18, and there was not a significant difference between girls and boys.Results showed that a significant number of primary teeth were caries. The maximum mean of dmft was seen in teeth D&E. 55.1% of boys and 56.3% of girls had caries in the first primary molars. 59% of boys and 58.1% of girls had caries in the second primary molar. Also 24.7% boys and 22.9% of girls had dmft = 0(caries free), and 14.6% boys and 13.5% of girls suffer from rampand caries (dmft>10).Conclusion: Successful management of the dental caries problem demands, a comprehensive preventive program, regular recall appointment for maintenance work and reemphasis of the preventive procedures.

Introduction: One of the most difficult procedures in orthodontics is the treatment of skeletal open bite. This malocclusion is characterized by back ward rotation of mandible, an obtuse gonial angle, an increased anterior facial height, and a E long face appearance. The treatment strategy of skeletal open bite has been mainly based on vertical growth inhibition, forward autorotation of mandible, and intrusion of posterior dent alveolar structures. Early treatment of this malocclusion is of great interest because the therapeutic approach is functional before growth has been completed and is surgical afterwards. Posterior bite-blocks are one of the functional appliances which are commonly used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of spring loaded posterior occlusal bite block (SLPOBB) on dento-facial structures in patients with skeletal open bite. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, our sample group consisted of 23 skeletal open bite subjects (9 males and 14 females) having a mean age of 9.8, treated by SLPOBB until the open bite was completely dissolved and a favorable overjet was achieved. Cephalometric tracing was carried out on the lateral cephalograms taken prior to and after treatment. The data were analyzed using paired t-test to determine significant changes (a=0.05).Results: Skeletal changes: A statistically significant increase in SNB, ArGoGn, mandible length, anterior facial height, UFH, LFH, and posterior facial height was found.Decrease in ANB, Palatal plane/MeGo, SArGo, SNGoAr, and Y-Axis was also significant. Dental changes: The results revealed a significant increase in Upperl/Palatal plane height, Lower1/GoMe height & Upper 6/Palatal plane height and a decrease in Lower1/GoMe angle. Conclusion: SLPOBB was found to be effective in treatment of skeletal open bite by: 1) A significant decrease of mandibular posterior angles, an increase of posterior facial height, and upward and forward rotation of mandible. 2) Intrusion of mandibular first molars. 3) Extrusion of anterior dentoalveolar height, and lingual inclination of lower incisors.

Introduction: Esthetic dentistry and tooth esthetics are important pacts of dental treatments today. Among these, Tooth bleaching treatment is a simple, safe and effective way to accommodate many patients' needs. Regarding to production of dental materials in Iran, this in-vitro study was conducted to compare the whitening effect and the speed of efficiency of bleaching agents (kimia 16% & Opalescence F 15%) using a tray.Materials & Methods: This experimental study was performed on forty extracted caries free maxillary central incisors which did not have any fluorosis and tetracycline discoloration. Roots of the teeth were covered with 2 layers of nail polish and they were divided into two groups then embedded in red wax.After preparing the bleaching tray for two groups, photographs of teeth were taken and the values of the teeth were determined visually using a vita shade guide. Afterwards the teeth were treated by carbamide peroxide gels (Kimia 16% and opalescence PF 15%) for an hour a day for two weeks. The lightness of the teeth was evaluated every day before treatment and also one month after the treatment period and the data was recorded. The data were analyzed by Signed T test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests.Results: The findings of this study showed that whitening effects of the two agents were statistically significant (P<0.01). At the end of the study according to the recorded value, the lightness change in groups treated with Kimia was 6 degrees and in the other group (Opalescence PF), it was 6.3 degrees. There was no statistically significant difference between the two bleaching gels (P>0/05).Conclusion: Using the tray bleaching method, both gels (16% Kimia and 15% Opalescence PF) had equivalent effects on whitening of the teeth.

Introduction: Cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is an important objective of root canal therapy. Many automatic devices have been produced to simplify the preparation and to decrease instrumentation time. One of these automatic devices is the new reciprocal handpiece (TEP-E10R) known as general name "Endogripper". The purpose of this study was to compare canal transportation with hand instrumentation technique and reciprocal instrumentation technique with TEP-E10R handpiece.Materials & Methods: In this invitro study 60 human mandibular first and second molars were selected and divided into four groups.Radiographs with initial file inserted to working length were taken in all specimens with constant conditions. In group one, the preparations were made by Ni-Ti files and hand instrumentation technique. In group two, the preparation were made by stainless steel files and the same technique in group one, in group three preparation were made by Ni-Ti files and TEP-E10R reciprocal handpiece and in group four, the preparation were made by stainless steel files and the same handpiece in group three. Instrumentation technique in all four groups was crown down preparation. After finishing of the instrumentation in latter four groups, additional radiographs were taken while the master apical files (MAF) were inserted in the canals with the same constant conditions recorded for intial file radiographs. The MAF radiographs were compared with initial file radiographs for canal trans portation. The amount of dentin removal was also calculated by measuring instrumented surface in the final radiographs. Data were collected by SPSS10. One way ANOVA analysis was used to compare four groups and tukey test was used to compare couple groups.Results: All of specimens showed degrees of transportation. Group two had the most mean degree of transportation that was significantly different from group one (P=0.001). None of the groups had statistically significant difference between amount of dentin removed from canal walls (P=0.83).Conclusion: Reciprocal handpices with NiTi files had acceptable results for canal preparation.

Introduction: Increase in surface free energy of tooth activates enamel and dentin to enhance surface wettability and optimize adhesion.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surfactant solutions with and without EDTA during preparation on dentin surface free energy.Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, 88 selected molar teeth were cut in occlusal one-third of the crown and a flat dentin surface was obtained.Surfactant solutions with five different HLB (Hydrophil-Lipophil Balance) were selected and the flat dentin surfaces were abraded with a commercial high-speed cylindrical diamond bur while rinsing with the solutions. Two control groups were selected, including negative control (cutting with air-water spray), positive control (cutting with air-water spray & etching with phosphoric acid).The study was carried on by depositing drops of two different liquids including distilled water (polar liquid) and methylene iodide (non-polar liquid) on the different treated surfaces and taking photographs of the drops by means of a digital camera. The contact angles were measured with Auto Cad software. The surface free energy of dentin was then calculated using Fowkes equation. After selection of the most effective solution, a higher concentration was applied to determine the effect of concentration on surface free energy. After determining the effective concentration, the combined solution of surfactant and EDTA was evaluated. Data analysis was done by ANOVA and Duncan test with 95% significance level. The SEM study was done to evaluate smear layer formation in the specimens.Results: The results revealed that use of surfactant on dentin surface decreased the surface energy while the surfactant with EDTA caused a significant increase in the surface energy compared to surfactant solution alone (P value<0.05).This increase in energy was equal to that of negative control. SEM study revealed that using surfactant with or without EDTA, removes the smear layer incompletely.Conclusions: 1) Surfactant solutions without EDTA decrease dentin surface energy at the same level of positive control group.2) The result of measuring surface energy in negative control group and in the groups using this combined solution was identical with surface tension of water (72.8 j/m2).

Introduction: As the martial sports are in fully contact group of sports, this makes the athletes worry about the injuries, specially in the sportswomen.The martial arts are special because they are one of the only group of sports that women can take part in international championships.Our main objective in this study was to determine the frequency of maxillofacial injuries among the female athletes participating in championship competitions of martial arts. Also injury type and locations of injuries in three popular forms of these sports (tae kwon do, judo and karate) were studied and compared in order to find the best ways to prevent these injuries.Materials & Methods: In a cross sectional study, all injuries were registered by the medical delegate of the competitions in a well designed questionnaire regarding personal information, dental, skeletal and soft tissue injuries. The championships were held in Kerman, Shahrkord, and Karaj.Results: Among 938 athletes participated (170 in tae kwon do, 507 in karate and 261 in judo), overall 14 athletes had trauma (The total number of injuries were 20).Most injuries occurred in karate competitions. There were no injuries in judo. Most injuries occurred in soft tissue.No dental injuries were seen.Skeletal injuries included two cases of dislocation and two cases of fracture. Soft tissue injuries included 11 cases of hematoma, 3 cases of scratch and 2 cases of laceration (12 cases in karate and 4 cases in tae kwon do).Conclusion: Maxillofacial injuries are low risk injuries in martial sports. We recommend that dental and medical examinations be done before matches. The results in this study emphasize on the correct use of face and mouth guards.

Introduction: To date, studies about the systemic effects of statins on bone tissue have led to different results. The aim of this study was to assess the osteoinductivity by statins when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously in rats.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 68 injections of Simvastatin, Lovastatin, Atorvastatin in polyethyleneglycole with 1mg/ml and polyethyleneglycole 300 were injected either S.C in rat's backs or I.M into their hand and foot. After 6 weeks, the rats were killed and samples of the injection areas were provided and were studied under a microscope.Results: In two of the samples, few bony areas were seen which were a mixture of lamellar and woven bone. Around these areas' an osteoblastic rim was visible. In another sample, a chondral area with an active mesanchimal connective tissue which was in a differentiation state to become cartilage, was seen.Conclusion: Finding of this study and the gradual differentiation of muscular tissue to bony stem tissue in around samples, confirms the probable osteoinductivity effect of theses compound. To confirm further we propose that this effect should be investigated on stem cell cultures, in vitro.

Introduction: Cross contamination via dental laboratories is an important problem. Among dental and laboratory procedures, two of the most important topics are disinfection of impressions and disinfection of prostheses. Because pumice slurry is widely used in final stages of polishing and finishing of prostheses, it should not be contaminated and if so, it could be a serious potential source of cross- infection. Therefore, this study was done to determine the incidence and also the type of pathogenic oral and non-oral microorganisms in polishing pumice of dental laboratories in the city of Shiraz.Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical investigation. In the same controlled and sterilized condition, the used pumice samples were collected from 12 dental laboratories. Immediately, they were transported to microbiology section of standard institute and cultured in specific and non specific media. For isolation of different types of oral and non oral microorganisms, 16 different tests were applied.Results: A wide range of microorganisms were isolated from all samples of dental pumices. Dominant bacteria in our study in order of frequency were: Acinetobacter lowffi, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeroginosa, diphtheroids, citrobacter frundi, enterobacter aerogenes, morganella morganii, clebsiella pneumonia, staphylococcus saprophyticus, streptococcus viridanse. 85.70% of the bacteria detected were non-oral microorganisms and 14.30% were oral microorganisms.Conclusion: This study showed that dental pumices are heavily contaminated with oral and especially with non-oral microorganisms and there was a high risk of cross-infection between clinician, patient and technician. Therefore infection control in all steps of prosthesis construction is recommended.

Introduction: The most common congenital defect involving the face and jaws is cleft lip and palate. Exactly where they appear is determined by the locations at which fusion of the various facial processes failed to occur. The lip or the lip and palate together fail to close in approximately 1-1.5 in every 1,000 babies born. The presence of cleft lip and palate raises suspicion to cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome especially when accompanied by anophthalmia, mental retardation and hypoplasia of nares.Results: In this article, one case of a 4-year-old boy with cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome who had anophthalmia, median cleft lip and palate, a CNS defect and mental retardation has been reported.Discussion & Conclusion: Although anophthalmia is a rare congenital defect, its presence raises suspiscion to cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome especially when accompanied by cleft lip and palate, mental retardation and hypoplasia of nares. Therefore, we can conclude that in patients with cleft of upper lip, hypoplasia of nares and anophthalmia, cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome, must be considered. Since these abnormalities are also seen in Fraser syndrome the absence of digital and renal defects differentiates cerebro-oculo-nasal syndrome.