JOURNAL OF MOVEMENT SCIENCE & SPORTS
Year:2006 | Volume:3 | Issue:6|Papers Count:15

The aim of current research was the relation of physical fitness and body composition with social-economical situation in girl's students with 15-17 years old in districts one and sixteen in Tehran. In order to this, 119 girl's students with 15-17 years old in districts one and sixteen of Tehran (52 students form district one and 67 students form district sixteen) were selected randomly (district one: Age 15/88±0/83 yrs; Height 161/77±5/88 cm and Weight 53/54±7/14 kg; district sixteen: Age 0/82±15/96 yrs; Height 160/77±6/96 cm and Weight 54/13±10/72 kg). Absolute and relative strenge of foot, muscular endurance, flexibility, explosive power, egility and maximum oxygen consumption; and body fat percent, WHR and waist circumference were assessed. For assessment of social-economical situation of families, the questionnaire of social-economical situation was used and for determination of the physical activity the Backe physical activity questionnaire was used.Results showed that there is significant difference between physical fitness body composition indices of students and social-economical situation of family (SES) .among the students of two districts which is benefit to the students of district one.There is significant difference between the physical activities of student in two districts in benefit to the students of district sixteen. The positive and significant relation between economical social situation and physical fitness. The meaningful relation was not observed between social-economical situation and body composition. There was reverse relation between economical capital and physical activity. But it was not observed the significant relation between the variables of social-economical situation and cultural capital with physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of skill level of two different types of model (expert and learning) on acquisition and retention of the underhand service in volleyball. Forty college female students in Shahid Beheshti University who have taken the general physical education course in spring term of the school year 2004-2005were randomly selected and assigned in two groups. Group one observed the videotape of performance of an expert model and the group two observed videotape of the learning model. Each group performed four blocks of 5 trails in three subsequent days and receives verbal cues simultaneously with the videotaped demonstration. After analyzing the data, it was found that both process and product of service improved significantly. There was no significant difference between two groups for product of service. Findings also revealed that the group one exhibited significantly better process on acquisition and retention tests than the group two. Modeling plus instructional cues seemed to improve learning of service in volleyball. This finding is consistent with the result of Zetou etal. (2002) study.

The purpose of the study was to describe the current situation, as well as, to develop standards in relation to sport talen identification in the area of team handball for men in the IR.IRAN. To collect the necessary data, a researcher made questionnaire was developed. The face and content validities of this instrument were approved by specialists and its average reliability was calculated to be.734 with Cronbach's technique. A selected sample of 105 top male Handball trainers of the country participated in the study. RESULTS: 98.1% of the participants agreed that talent identification in team Handballl is "very much", or "much" important and that practically 67.6% of them actually practiced some kinds of it, however, the majority of them declared that their knowledge is less than average in talent identification techniques. The participants believed that the appropriate age for identifying talents in team handball was between the last two years of primary to the end of the junior high school and that the sport talent identification and development organization should be connected to the Ministry of Education (74.7%). As a response to another question, 82,5% of the participants asserted that the current methods and activities in relation to handball talent identification were unsuccessful and the most hindering factors in this respect were unemployment of the qualified specialists, lack of the necessary tools and equipment and inappropriateness of the programs. In relation to identifying and ranking the most prominent factors in Handball talent identification, the participants suggested that the variables: "height" in the area of anthropomerty, "reaction time" in the area of general fitness, “ball reception" in the area of individual techniques, "drawer movements" in the area of individual tactics, "height - weight ratio" in the area of body composition, "self-confidence" in the area of psychological skills and "cooperation" in the area of social skills were the most influential in the formation of an elite team handball player.

The purpose of present investigation was to study the relationships between goal orientation and perceived ability with participation motivation. 600 secondary and high school students of Tehran city completed the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), Perceived ability inventory and Task and Ego Orientation Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Factor analysis showed that the important motives were achievement, skill, others, team, fun, energy, emotion and miscellaneous. Canonical correlation and Pearson correlation demonstrated that there are significant relationships between goal orientation, perceived ability with participation motivation and task-oriented and ego-oriented students affected by internal and external motives respectively, and perceived ability had a mediator role.These results are in according to achievement goals theory and had application for youth sports to meet their needs in sport settings.

Objective: To study the effect of resistance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index in obese men so as to compare these markers in obese and lean men. Research methods and procedures: 24 male subjects (age 35-48) (16 obese, 8 lean) from among the employees of Sabzevar Tarbiat Moallem University participated in our program. The obese men were randomly assigned to one of two groups: resistance training group (n=8), or control group (n=8). Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. The experimental subjects received Aerobic training for 12 weeks. The resistance training was circularly performed in 11 stations. Each training session included 4 sets with 12 maximal repetitions in every station done with a 50-60% intensity of one maximum repetition. Results: At baseline state the insulin resistance index in obese men was significantly higher than in lean men (p<0.05), the serum adiponectin was significantly lower than in lean men (p<0.05). There was a significant and negative correlation between serum adiponectin with body fat percentage, WHR, BMI, and insulin resistance index. The resistance training caused a significant decrease in insulin resistance index in experimental groups in comparison to the control group. However these activities did not significantly change serum adiponectin.Conclusion: Aerobic and resistance training caused a improvement in insulin resistance but This improvment no associated with increased adiponectin levels in these obese men.

Understanding the relationships between management style and employees' occupational attitudes has been one of the important challenges of management science during the last few decades. This study was planned to determine the relationships between leadership styles and organizational commitment of physical educators working for Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology in Iran. Hersey and Blanchard's leadership standard questionnaire as well as Meyer's organizational commitment questionnaire were sent for the whole population of 265 people. 220 subjects (%85) returned the questionnaires. Statistical analyses showed that there is a positive relation between organizational commitment and selling leadership style (p<0.05). The same relation was found for participating leadership style. In contrast, negative correlations were found between organizational commitment and both "telling" and "delegating" leadership styles (p<0.05).

Precue is one of the effective factors on RT. The results of studies done on this factor have shown the reduction of RT as function of amount of precue information; but the amount of effect of number of precued parameters independent of stimulus-response alternatives has not been defined exactly. The present research was performed in order to test the hypothesis that RT in a force production task is function of number of precued parameters. A mixed 3 factional design was performed on 16 (8 male & 8 female) volunteer, non-athletes, right-handed students ranging in age from 20 to 25. Using "parameter precueing apparatus", subjects performed a total of 2400 trials over 5 sessions on successive days (4 blocks of 120 trials blocks per session) under different 2-choice conditions with 1 or 2 precues. The task required production of defined isometric force (3 or 6 kg) to inside or outside, with right or left upper limb as quickly and accurately as possible after displaying precue followed by stimulus. The subjects' RT in different levels of independent variable were analyzed by using a 3 factor design (number of precued parameters *gender* session) with repeated measures on 2 of the factors (number of precued parameters & session). The results indicated the RT was not function of number of precued parameters in this task (P>0.05). The main effect of gender and interaction of number of precued parameters & gender were not significant (P>0.05); but the main effect of session was significant (P<0.05).

The present research aims at studying the effects of different error estimation methods and reduced frequency of augmented feedback on error detection capability, performance and learning of bimanual coordination task. In this 'study 70 subjects (35 males and 35 females) in 7 groups participated and performed the sliding- motion task with 0 relative phase (in phase).The subjects should move a pointer on monitor screen to intercept a moving ball in a 3000 ms goal movement time. In this task the subjects were divided into 7 groups according to error estimation method (pattern, time, combined) and frequency of augmented feedback (%20 and %100). The results of the experiment showed that there was no difference in the group of error estimation and frequency of augmented feedback on capability of error detection in acquisition phase. Furthermore the combined-and-pattern-error- estimation group performed faster than other groups on movement time. In the retention phase all three groups did better than the control group to learn the pattern and movement time. Finally, considering time, the %100 pattern-error-estimation groups and the %100 time-error-estimation surpassed other groups in their learning on movement time. In conclusion, any kind of subjective error estimation as one of the important variables in preparing the subjects for future response and designing response hypothesis as well as reduced frequency of augmented feedback (%100) can test the more-response hypothesis and lead to further learning Besides, concentrating on the task characteristics prior to providing augmented feedback leads to using augmented feedback better. It also improves the skills as well as the capability of error detection at least in tasks of the same nature as used in the present research.

Obesity and related disorders are among the leading causes of illness and mortality in the developed countries. To better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie metabolic disorders, increasing attention has been paid to central regulatory elements in energy homeostasis, including food intake behavior and energy expenditure. Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide with an n-octanoylation indispensable for its biological activity, was originally discovered in rat stomach as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretogogue (GHS) receptor (GHSR).The secretion of ghreline increases under conditions of negative energy balance, such as starvation, cachexia, and anorexia nervosa. Whereas its expression decreases under conditions of positive energy balance such as feeding, hyperglycemia, and obesity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between organizational culture and creativity of faculty members in physical education departments of universities in Iran. The sample of this study contained 157 faculties. Organizational culture was measured by OCAQ (Sashkin and etal 1996) and creativity by the Randssepp (1989) questionnaires. The findings revealed that the average score of organizational culture was 91 and the average score of subunit of coordination with change (17/3), coordination of individual goals with team goals (18/2), coordination in team works (19/1), customer oriented (18/8) and power of organizational culture was 17/6. These scores revealed that organizational culture is in middle level. Also the average score of creativity of faculty members was 1/3, that shows the creativity in physical education departments was low. Other findings revealed that, there was a positive and significant correlation between organizational culture and creativity(r=0/63 p<0/05), and multi regression shows that, power of organizational culture (t=5/12 p<0/05), coordination with change (t=3/64 p<0/05) and coordination in individual goals with team goals (t=-2/17 p<0/05) were best predictors for creativity.These findings show that the organizational culture can influence on creativity by direct and indirect ways. Also organizations can help to increase creativity with agreement on organization values, coordination with change, customer oriented and coordination in team works.

Sport for all have been considered important by many countries since 1900, for different reasons which includes: physically and mentally good health, right using of leisure time, developing social relationship, going far from the machinery life, returning to nature and, increasing efficiency in work and life. Sport for all started in our country since 1358 under the title of local sport and it become official in 1362 under the title of jahad physical education. Developing and promoting it, was assigned as the first and major duty for all sport organizations in Islamic Republic of Iran, but no comprehensive research about status of sport for all has been done yet, because of great tendency of physical education managers to competitive sports. For this reason, this descriptive research had been done to study the status of sport for all. The instruments to collect data in this research includes two separated questionnaires for women and men directors of sport for all which were sent to physical education offices in 28 provinces.21 provinces returned the completed questionnaires, and they analyzed by using descriptive and inferiential statistics. The variables included age, degree of education, major profession, sport background, background of directors, the number of coaches and referees, sport facilities, the budget and the number of participants in sport for all and etc. The finding shows that director of sport for all, men and women, spend 21 and 16 hours per week respectively in the offices of sport for all. 42% of coaches and 49% of referees in sport for all had diploma or under it. The total number of participants in sport for all (men and women) was 5.92% of the whole population. By comparing Iran with 23 countries and by considering the time of organizing for an official department for sport for all, Iran stands at the last position in the world. The percentage of participants in sport for all in Iran was more than Africa and less than the other continents. Sport for all Federation allocated 48462 and 12640 Rials per capita. For men and women, respectively in the year 1383, and 99% of sport for all offices (men and women) did not have any research about sport for all and 88% of sport for all directors didn’t give any lectures for increasing awareness of people, either the degree of education of 65% of sport for all directors was less than Master degree.