Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2003 | Volume:7 | Issue:28|Papers Count:11

A society is civilized & cultured if the business holders take their responsibilities and their tasks seriously and care deeply towards the society. Social Marketing is a new field and area which accomplishes the goals and social expectations by utilizing commercial marketing techniques. According to the concepts of social marketing, managers should inevitably see in their strategies and marketing policies, important issues such as short and long terms interests of the consumers expectations and needs. Comparing the commercial marketing, though this new area is highly fledging but its role and importance in social development has caused it to be treated and regarded seriously by the public. During 1970s social marketing was born as an integrated and quite a scientific field. Philip Kotler and Gerald Altman, two famous learned in marketing, have introduced this new scientific field. They believed that the suppositions and concepts in commercial marketing could be used to sell ideas, beliefs, views and human behaviors. Comparing the other marketing fields, Cutler and Altman insisted on the basic and main differences of the social marketing, which are shown in its goals and aims. The main aims of social marketing are to influence on the social and humans behaviors. In social marketing, gaining interests and personal benefits are not of the first priority. In other words, in social marketing the emphasis is not to satisfy the needs and expectations of the individuals of the society through the process of exchanging, and transactions, rather a more exalted goal and that is to influence on the sections and behaviors of the individuals in the society. This new and integrated field can be applied vastly in campaigns to fight against poverty and misery, smoking, alcoholic drinks, drugs and also improving wild life, preserving the environment, eliminating dangerous diseases such as hypotheses, Aids and cancers, therefore we conclude that social marketing is based on the realities and reasons in the society and emphasizes on them. Social marketing emphasizes on this undeniable reality that the market agents should provide to be true to their responsibilities and obligations before the individuals in the society and all men. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that social marketing roots in reality and reason and all the suppositions and concepts and methods proposed in it, enjoy with a good extent with a logical and reasonable backbone. In this study we aim on contents and a conceptual explanation of the term "SOCIAL - MARKETING" and on the line, the basis of social marketing is analyzed due to providing human needs and philosophical approach and its essence.

Economic evolutions have been energy related in the last few decades. The energy crisis in 1970s, which led to the economic depression of OECD countries, caused that energy be considered as a dominant factor of production in the economics literature. Although the industrialized countries have allocated a large amount of consumption to themselves, but generally they have applied policies in order to promote energy efficiency and therefore, to reduce energy intensity. The study of the trend of energy intensity in different periods of economic growth in OECD countries demonstrates a model that can be used for the economic of energy exporting countries. In this research price and GDP impacts on energy intensity has been considered. The asymmetric effects of changes in price and GDP on energy intensity are analyzed. The results obtained from this research indicate that not only energy intensity reduction follows from price and GDP increases but also the same pattern exists while price and GDP decrease. This means that the crisis of 1970s has been the tune of neo-industrial revolution that appears as an energy efficiency promotion

The primary aim of most third world economic development Strategies are to foster domestic industry and the development of infrastructure. For the majority of new industrial projects in such countries, a limited period of protecting is needed. In addition to the provision of financial and credit facilities such protection primarily consists of shielding infant industries from the competition of imported goods. The present study has aimed at assessing the effective protection rate of Motogen Company. To this end, the classic model of effective protection rate has been modified according to the conditions of Iran. All calculations of this study are related to year 1380. Free trade input-output coefficients have been used. In this study material inputs have been divided into two groups: 1) imported material inputs, 2) domestic material inputs. Effective protection rate has been assessed on the basis of two methods of tariff and price observations. The study has taken account of non - tradable inputs like the Corden Method. In one stage non-tradable inputs like the Balassa Method have also been considered. The assessments of effective protection rate have been compared on the basis of Corden and Balassa methods. The assessment of effective protection rate has been done with assuming zero substitution elasticity among the main production factors and substantial inputs. The assessments indicate that the range of effective protection rate is between 0.3463 for type SH-200 and 1.9918 for type 90L2A.

It is widely hypothesised that sound macroeconomic policies promote growth by providing a more secure environment for private sector investment decisions. This paper is tested for Iran over the period 1963-2001 using a variety of measures of the quality of macroeconomic management. The measures include the budget deficit, inflation, exchange rate premium, etc. The evidence suggests that good macroeconomic management is associated with faster growth for a given rate of investment. Whereas, on the other hand, it is found that poor macroeconomic management significantly impairs growth

In this essay, the effective factors to the underdevelopment of Lorestan Province tourism industry have been surveyed, and four factors, multiple decision-making centres, poor marketing, poor infrastructure facilities and poor tourism services, poor tourism-embracing culture, that contribute to Lorestan Tourism underdevelopment, became important as subject aspects. Then, the essay collects data and identifies various aspects in this regard through conducting interviews with different specialists and through bibliographic studies. Four hypotheses have been formulated to account for the relation of these factors to Lorestan tourism underdevelopment. To test these hypotheses, this essay uses statistical tests such as Spearman correlation, Freedman variance analysis, and t-test. In this essay has used two series of questionnaires to gather information. After collecting them, the data were classified and analysed. As a result, we observed a direct relationship among multiple decision-making centres, poor infrastructure facilities and poor tourism services, poor marketing centres, poor infrastructure facilities and poor tourism services, poor marketing, poor tourism-embracing culture and Lorestan tourism underdevelopment.

The expansion of nonoil export on the basis of export leap strategy has been one of the most important objectives of the third Economic, Social and cultural Development plan of Iran. In this respect the Identification of trade Potentials between Iran and its trade partners with good prospects for enhancing export to them is an imperative. South Korea is one of these trade partners. The longstanding relations between the two countries and the existence of several bilateral economic and trade agreements between the two nations, require the careful and in depth study of the economic and trade position of Korea and also the performance of bilateral trade. In this paper first by utilizing the performance indexes a comparison has been made between the trade performance of the two countries and secondly, by employing the complement criterion the degree of complementarities between sectors are determined and then, based on the results obtained, the tradable products (trade potentials in goods) are identified.

The expansion of nonoil export on the basis of export leap strategy has been one of the most important objectives of the third Economic, Social and cultural Development plan of Iran. In this respect the Identification of trade Potentials between Iran and its trade partners with good prospects for enhancing export to them is an imperative. South Korea is one of these trade partners. The longstanding relations between the two countries and the existence of several bilateral economic and trade agreements between the two nations, require the careful and in depth study of the economic and trade position of Korea and also the performance of bilateral trade. In this paper first by utilizing the performance indexes a comparison has been made between the trade performance of the two countries and secondly, by employing the complement criterion the degree of complementarities between sectors are determined and then, based on the results obtained, the tradable products (trade potentials in goods) are identified.

This paper is concerned with the estimation of a system of labour demand functions and employment efficiency under production risk. Panel data for nine industrial groups over 1971-93 period is used to estimate the parameters of a Translog demand system. The two-way error component model with fixed effect is estimated. Labour demand is assumed to depend on the same variables as well as government expenditure, money supply and the ratio of industrial exports to value added. A multi-step procedure is used to estimate the parameters of model. Estimation of the production risk involves non-linear method. In two-way error model labour demand elasticity with respect to output, wage, capital stock and technology have expected signs. Labour demands are generally found to be inelastic. Our analysis of labour-use efficiency point to very low efficiency rates in Irans large industries. We find that tree industrial groups have over utilized labour.