Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2018 | Volume:22 | Issue:88 |Papers Count:9

Convergence with regional powers such as Russia, which has a common water border with Iran, as well as the population of 300 million in the CIS region, is a step toward the realization of what is meant by constructive and effective interaction with the world. The present study is based on the analysis of the factors affecting the economic convergence of Iran with Russia in the CIS region, based on the Panel Data approach during the period 1992-2015. Trade, production, population, and distance are the key variables of Iran’ s gravity model with Russia in CIS region. The regression equation indicates the significance of the gravity model. Coefficients (elasticity) of the three independent variables including production, distance and Linder are 3. 45,-3. 25 and-0. 38 respectively, which demonstrates the high sensitivity of the two variables of production, distance, and their significance but the dummy variable of the common water boundary isn’ t significant due to the overcoming of the Azerbaijan’ s dryland boundary. The elasticity of the foreign exchange demand for exports and imports between Russia and Iran are inelastic and equal to-0. 22 and-0. 28 respectively. The Marshall– Lerner condition refers to the condition that an exchange rate devaluation will only cause a balance of trade improvement if the absolute sum of the export and import demand elasticities is greater than unity, so the change in the exchange rate has no effect on the improvement of Iran's balance of trade.

Islamic Republic of Iran is among countries that in terms of locating in the very appropriate geographical location has good transit benefits and by the expansion of transport network and efficient communication can use the benefits properly in order to increase exchange earnings and improve its strategic position in the region. Due to the special geographical position of Iran in the region and being in the path of goods transfer between Central Asia and open seas, developing the transportation network to provide transit services is the commercial valuable opportunities that have been provided to the economy of Iran. Considering the material presented and the current economic conditions and existing sanctions or even stages of after sanctions (Barjam), the present study seeks to investigate the role of goods transit in its non-oil exports. This method is an applied research objectively and in terms of research method is descriptive analytical. To evaluate the data and estimating designed model, the data of 1978-2014 is used and given the role of variables of transit, four models were evaluated. By investigating four estimation model based on transit, only the first model that includes variable of transit's value added in terms of theory and statistical significance was accepted.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the reciprocal relationship between innovation and exports in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME’ s). The statistical population of this research is the SME’ s of West Azarbaijan province. The analyzes of this research are based on a questionnaire derived from the IDEIS project entitled the process of innovation in French’ s small and medium-sized firms, which was changed and adopted in accordance with the conditions of Iran and the existing export barriers. The questionnaire have been completed from September 2016 to April 2017, addressing the managers of small and medium enterprises of West Azarbaijan Province. To this end, the intensity of input and output innovation were calculated using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and then the econometric model was estimated using the Generalized Structural Equation Model (GSEM). The results show that the effect of exports on innovation is positive and significant, but on the contrary, the effect of innovation on exports is negative which indicates that the level of innovation of Iranian firms is small. Also, the barriers to exports index has a negative effect on firms' exports. According to the results, the learning effect of exports on SME’ s is evident. In this regard, the government must support export-oriented measures, such as marketing for new products, as well as finding new export markets, providing export subsidies which will increase exports.

One of the persisting questions as regards to the intellectual property rights (IPR) has been the dual question concerning the role of IPR in economic development and the appropriate IPR regime for developing countries. To answer this question, we have embarked on a twofold exploration of the empirical research on emerging economies of China, India and South Korea on the other. Research findings suggest that IPR protection generally contributes to economic development and developing countries are recommended to reinforce their IPR regimes in parallel with their economic development.

In today's modern world, small and medium industries have played an important role in the variables such as economic growth, competition, and the decrease of the unemployment crisis. In this paper, the purpose of compiling a structured interpretation model using the two methods of ISM and DEMATEL to examine the role variables affecting the promotion of small and medium enterprises' capabilities in Kurdistan have been discussed. Based on the review of articles, texts, related resources, and opinion polls through a questionnaire and comparative analysis of data, a total of 20 important and effective factors, related indicators for the promotion of dynamic capabilities were identified in the small and mid-sized industries. Analysis of the structural model showed that the policy variable, government rules and regulations act as an underlying factor of the model, and are categorized into independent variables with high conductivity and low dependency. To begin with the promotion of dynamic capabilities they should be emphasized in the first step. In the comparative analysis of the dynamic alternative model of industrialization, the most important factor was determined.

With the spread of standard technologies in all fields, especially communications technology, standard essential patents have gained much importance. For the sake of assurance as to access to such patent, standard organizations have required the owners to undertake to grant license on this basis is to prevent owners of standard essential patents from abusing their exclusive power in the market and committing anti-competitive acts. Meanwhile, they are entitled to earn appropriate remuneration for their essential patents. There are controversies as to conditions of the said obligations. There have been a number of cases which present a common practice with regard to preventing abuse of excusive power and anti-competitive acts. The results of this analytic-descriptive study show the importance of a balance between the interests of standard essential patents owners and those enforcing standards and in order to preserve competition, the conditions of granting licenses must be determined clearly. In the absence of specific provisions, in the Iranian law, in order to regulate standard essential patents, recourse may be made to the rules on compulsory licenses and prevention of abuse of dominant position in the act on the implementation of article 44 of the constitution. Meanwhile, specific provisions for standard essential patents would clarify the legal status of such patents and reduce disputes.

Exchange rate is one of the effective factors on foreign trade. Besides the role of exchange rate in economy and economic conditions, its volatility has also an important effect. Exchange rate variation, in countries like Iran that the bulk of government revenues are provided from exports of oil, can affect economic performance. This study investigates the effect of real exchange rate and its uncertainty on Iran’ s nonoil exports, imports and trade balance using quarterly data during 1374-1395. For this purpose, the real exchange rate uncertainty, using asymmetric stochastic volatility model which is more flexible than ARCH models, is calculated. Then the effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on Iran’ s nonoil exports, imports and trade balance based on the Johansen – Juselius cointegration framework is estimated. The results, based on the three models, show that the real exchange rate has a negative and significant effect on Iran’ s nonoil exports, imports and trade balance in the long run. Also, the real exchange rate uncertainty has a positive and significant effect on Iran’ s nonoil exports and trade balance and a negative effect on imports.